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Title: Seaside Studies in Natural History
Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates.
Author: Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz
Alexander Agassiz
Release Date: March 5, 2011 [EBook #35490]
Language: English
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SEASIDE STUDIES
IN
NATURAL HISTORY.
BY
ELIZABETH C. AGASSIZ
AND
ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
RADIATES.
BOSTON:
JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY,
Late Ticknor Fields, and Fields, Osgood, Co.
1871.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
A L E X A N D E R A G A S S I Z,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court
for the District of Massachusetts.
University Press:
Welch, Bigelow, and Company,
Cambridge.
THIS LITTLE BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHORS TO
PROFESSOR L. AGASSIZ,
WHOSE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION HAVE BEEN THE MAIN GUIDE IN ITS PREPARATION.
PREFACE.
This volume is published with the hope of supplying a want often expressed for some seaside book of a popular character, describing the marine animals common to our shores. There are many English books of this kind; but they relate chiefly to the animals of Great Britain, and can only have a general bearing on those of our own coast, which are for the most part specifically different from their European relatives. While keeping this object in view, an attempt has also been made to present the facts in such a connection, with reference to principles of science and to classification, as will give it in some sort the character of a manual of Natural History, in the hope of making it useful not only to the general reader, but also to teachers and to persons desirous of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the subjects discussed in it. With this purpose, although nearly all the illustrations are taken from among the most common inhabitants of our bay, a few have been added from other localities in order to fill out this little sketch of Radiates, and render it, as far as is possible within such limits, a complete picture of the type.
A few words of explanation are necessary with reference to the joint authorship of the book. The drawings and the investigations, where they are not referred to other observers, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, the illustrations having been taken, with very few exceptions, from nature, in order to represent the animals, as far as possible, in their natural attitudes; and the text has been written by Mrs. L. Agassiz, with the assistance of Mr. A. Agassiz's notes and explanations.
Cambridge, May, 1865.
NOTE.
This second edition is a mere reprint of the first. A few mistakes accidentally overlooked have been corrected; an explanation of the abbreviations of the names of writers used after the scientific names has been added, as well as a list of the wood-cuts. The changes which have taken place in the opinions of scientific men with regard to the distribution of animal life in the ocean have been duly noticed in their appropriate place, but no attempt has been made to incorporate more important additions which the progress of our knowledge of Radiates may require hereafter.
Cambridge, January, 1871.
CONTENTS.
Page
On Radiates in General1
General Sketch of the Polyps5
Actinoids7
Madreporians16
Halcyonoids19
General Sketch of Acalephs21
Ctenophoræ26
Embryology of Ctenophoræ34
Discophoræ37
Hydroids49
Mode of Catching Jelly-Fishes85
Echinoderms91
Holothurians95
Echinoids101
Star-Fishes108
Ophiurans115
Crinoids120
Embryology of Echinoderms123
Distribution of Life in the Ocean141
Systematic Table152
Index154
LIST OF THE WOOD-CUTS.
Unless otherwise specified, the illustrations are drawn from nature by Alex. Agassiz.
Fig.
Page
1.
Transverse section of an Actinia (Agassiz)
5
2, 3, 4.
Actinia in different degrees of expansion (Agassiz)
8
5. Metridium marginatum
fully expanded
8
6.
Vertical section of an Actinia
10
7.
View from above of an expanded Actinia
11
8, 9.
Young Actiniæ
11
10. Rhodactinia Davisii
13
11. Arachnactis brachiolata
14
12.
Young Arachnactis
14
13.
Young Arachnactis showing the mouth
14
14. Bicidium parasiticum
15
15. Halcampa albida
16
16.
Colony of
Astrangia Danæ17
17.
Magnified individuals of Astrangia
17
18.
Single individual of Astrangia
18
19.
Lasso-cell of Astrangia
18
20.
Limestone pit of Astrangia
19
21.
Single individual of
Halcyonium carneum19
22.
Halcyonium community
20
23.
Expanded individual of Halcyonium
20
24.
Branch of
Millepora alcicornis(Agassiz)
22
25.
Expanded animals of Millepora (Agassiz)
22
26.
Transverse section of branch of Millepora (Agassiz)
23
27. Pleurobrachia rhododactyla
(Agassiz)
27
28.
The same as Fig. 27 seen in plane of tentacles (Agassiz)
28
29.
Pleurobrachia in motion
29
30.
Pleurobrachia seen from the extremity opposite the mouth
30
31. Bolina alata
seen from the broad side (Agassiz)
31
32.
Bolina seen from the narrow side (Agassiz)
31
33. Idyia roseola
seen from the broad side (Agassiz)
32
34.
Young Pleurobrachia still in the egg
35
35.
Young Pleurobrachia swimming in the egg
35
36.
Young Pleurobrachia resembling already adult
35
37.
Young Idyia
35
38.
Young Idyia seen from the anal pole
36
39.
Idyia somewhat older than Fig. 37
36
40.
Idyia still older
36
41.
Young Bolina in stage resembling Pleurobrachia
37
42.
Young Bolina seen from the broad side
37
43.
Young Bolina seen from the narrow side
37
44. Cyanea Arctica
40
45.
Scyphistoma of Aurelia (Agassiz)
41
46.
Scyphistoma older than Fig. 45 (Agassiz)
41
47.
Strobila of Aurelia (Agassiz)
41
48.
Ephyra of Aurelia (Agassiz)
42
49. Aurelia flavidula
seen in profile (Agassiz)
42
50.
Aurelia seen from above (Agassiz)
43
51. Campanella pachyderma
44
52.
The same from below
44
53. Trachynema digitale
45
54. Haliclystus auricula
46
55.
Lucernaria seen from the mouth side
47
56.
Young Lucernaria
48
57.
Hydrarium of
Eucope diaphana50
58.
Magnified portion of Fig. 57
50
59.
Part of marginal tentacles of Eucope
51
60.
Young Eucope
51
61.
Adult Eucope, profile
51
62.
Quarter-disk of Fig. 60
51
63.
Quarter-disk of Eucope older than Fig. 62
52
64.
Quarter-disk of adult Eucope
52
65. Oceania languida
just escaped from the reproductive calycle
53
66.
Same as Fig. 65 from below
53
67.
Young Oceania older than Fig. 65
54
Diagram of succession of tentacles
55
68.
Adult Oceania
55
69.
Attitude assumed by Oceania
56
70. Clytia bicophora
escaped from reproductive calycle
57
71.
Somewhat older than Fig. 70
57
72.
Magnified portion of Hydrarium of Clytia
57
73.
Adult Clytia
57
74. Zygodactyla groenlandica
58
75.
The same seen in profile
59
76. Tima formosa
61
77.
One of the lips of the mouth
61
78.
Head of Hydrarium of Tima
62
79. Melicertum campanula
from above (Agassiz)
63
80.
The same seen in profile
64
81.
Planula of Melicertum
65
82.
Cluster of planulæ
65
83.
Young Hydrarium
65
84. Dynamena pumila
66
85.
Magnified portion of Fig. 84
66
86. Dyphasia rosacea
67
87.
Medusa of
Lafoea67
88.
Colony of Coryne mirabilis (Agassiz)
68
89.
Magnified head of Fig. 88 (Agassiz)
68
90.
Free Medusa of Coryne (Agassiz)
68
91. Turris vesicaria
69
92. Bougainvillia superciliaris
70
93.
Hydrarium of Bougainvillia
70
94, 95, 96.
Medusæ buds of Fig. 93
71
97.
Young Medusa just freed from the Hydroid
71
98. Tubularia couthouyi
(Agassiz)
72
99.
Cluster of Medusæ of Fig. 98 (Agassiz)
72
100.Female colony of
Hydractinia polyclina(Agassiz)
73
101.Male colony of the same (Agassiz)
73
102.Unsymmetrical Medusa of
Hybocodon prolifer(Agassiz)
74
103.Medusa bud of Hybocodon (Agassiz)
74
104.Hybocodon Hydrarium (Agassiz)
74
105. Dysmorphosa fulgurans75
106.Proboscis of Fig. 105 with young Medusæ
75
107.Young
Nanomia cara76
108.Nanomia with rudimentary Medusæ
76
109.Nanomia somewhat older than Fig. 108
77
110.Heart-shaped swimming bell of Nanomia
77
111.Cluster of Medusæ with tentacles having pendent knobs
78
112.Magnified pendent knob
79
113.Medusa with corkscrew-shaped tentacles
79
114.Medusa with simple tentacle
80
115.Adult Nanomia
81
116.Oil float of Nanomia
82
117. Physalia arethusa(Agassiz)
83
118.Bunch of Hydræ (Agassiz)
84
119.Cluster of Medusæ (Agassiz)
84
120. Velella mutica(Agassiz)
84
121.Free Medusa of Velella (Agassiz)
84
122. Ptychogena lactea86
123.Ovary of Ptychogena
87
124. Synapta tenuis95
125.Anchor of Synapta
96
126. Caudina arenata97
127. Cuvieria squamata98
128.Young Cuvieria
99
129.Cuvieria somewhat older than Fig. 128
99
130. Pentacta frondosa100
131. Toxopneustes drobachiensis102
132.Portion of shell of Fig. 131 without spines (Agassiz)
103
133.Sea-urchin shell without spines (Agassiz)
103
134.Sea-urchin from the mouth side (Agassiz)
104
135.Magnified spine
104
136.Transverse section of spine
105
137.Pedicellaria of Sea-urchin
105
138.Teeth of Sea-urchin
106
139. Echinarachnius parma107
140.Transverse section of Echinarachnius (Agassiz)
108
141.Ray of Star-fish, seen from mouth side (Agassiz)
109
142. Astracanthion berylinus110
143.Single spine of Star-fish
111
144.Limestone network of back of Star-fish
111
145.Madreporic body of Star-fish
111
146. Cribrella oculata112
147. Ctenodiscus crispatus114
148. Ophiopholis bellis115
149.Arm of Fig. 148, from the mouth side (Agassiz)
116
150.Tentacle of
Ophiopholis
116
151. Astrophyton agassizii118
152.Pentacrinus
121
153. Alecto meridionalis122
154.Young Comatulæ
122
Figs 155, 156, 157.Egg of Star-fish in different stages of development
124
158.Larva just hatched from egg
125
159-164.Successive stages of development of Larva
125
165.Larva in which arms are developing
126
166.Adult Star-fish Larva (
Brachiolaria)
127
167.Fig. 166 seen in profile
128
168-170.Young Star-fish (Astracanthion) in different stages of development
129
171.Lower side of ray of young Star-fish
130
172.Very young Star-fish seen in profile
130, 130
173-175.Larvæ of Sea-urchin (Toxopneustes) in different stages of development
130, 131
176.Adult Larva of Sea-urchin
132
177.Fig. 176 seen endways
133
178.Sea-urchin resorbing the arms of the larva
133
179-181.Successive stages of young Sea-urchin
133, 134
182.Ophiuran which has nearly resorbed the larva
135
183.Larva of Ophiuran (Pluteus)
136
184.Young Ophiuran
137
185.Cluster of eggs of Star-fishes over mouth of parent
137
Diagram of a rocky beach
149
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.
Ag.
L. Agassiz.
Jaeg.
Jaeger.
A. Ag.
A. Agassiz.
Lam.
Lamarck.
Ayres
W. O. Ayres.
Lamx.
Lamouroux.
Blainv.
Blainville.
Lin.
Linnæus.
Bosc
Bosc.
Lym.
Lyman.
Br.
Brandt.
M. T.
Müller and Troschel.
Clark
H. J. Clark.
Mill.
Miller.
Cuv.
Cuvier.
Pér. et Les.
Péron and Lesueur.
D. K.
Düben and Koren.
Sars
M. Sars.
Edw.
MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
ON RADIATES IN GENERAL.
It is perhaps not strange that the Radiates, a type of animals whose home is in the sea, many of whom are so diminutive in size, and so light and evanescent in substance, that they are hardly to be distinguished from the element in which they live, should have been among the last to attract the attention of naturalists. Neither is it surprising to those who know something of the history of these animals, that when the investigation of their structure was once begun, when some insight was gained into their complex life, their association in fixed or floating communities, their wonderful processes of development uniting the most dissimilar individuals in one and the same cycle of growth, their study should have become one of the most fascinating pursuits of modern science, and have engaged the attention of some of the most original investigators during the last half century. It is true that from the earliest days of Natural History, the more conspicuous and easily accessible of these animals attracted notice and found their way into the scientific works of the time. Even Aristotle describes some of them under the names of Acalephæ and Knidæ, and later observers have added something, here and there, to our knowledge on the subject; but it is only within the last fifty years that their complicated history has been unravelled, and the facts concerning them presented in their true connection.
Among the earlier writers on this subject we are most indebted to Rondelet, in the sixteenth century, who includes some account of the Radiates, in his work on the marine animals of the Mediterranean. His position as Professor in the University at Montpelier gave him an admirable opportunity, of which he availed himself to the utmost, for carrying out his investigations in this direction. Seba and Klein, two naturalists in the North of Europe, also published at about this time numerous illustrations of marine animals, including Radiates. But in all these works we find only drawings and descriptions of the animals, without any attempt to classify them according to common structural features. In 1776, O. F. Müller, in a work on the marine and terrestrial faunæ of Denmark, gave some admirable figures of Radiates, several of which are identical with those found on our own coast. Cavolini also in his investigations on the lower marine animals of the Mediterranean, and Ellis in his work upon those of the British coast, did much during the latter half of the past century to enlarge our knowledge of them.
It was Cuvier, however, who first gave coherence and precision to all previous investigations upon this subject, by showing that these animals are united on a common plan of structure expressively designated by him under the name Radiata. Although, from a mistaken appreciation of their affinities, he associated some animals with them which do not belong to the type, and have since, upon a more intimate knowledge of their structure, been removed to their true positions; yet the principle introduced by him into their classification, as well as into that of the other types of the animal kingdom, has been all important to science.
It was in the early part of this century that the French began to associate scientific objects with their government expeditions. Scarcely any important voyage was undertaken to foreign countries by the French navy which did not include its corps of naturalists, under the patronage of government. Among the most beautiful figures we have of Radiates, are those made by Savigny, one of the French naturalists who accompanied Napoleon to Egypt
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