автордың кітабынан сөз тіркестері How to Write Clearly / Rules and Exercises on English Composition
Edwin Abbott

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Edwin Abbott
How to Write Clearly / Rules and Exercises on English Composition
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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

Conscious" and "aware," "unnatural" and "supernatural," "transpire" and "occur," "circumstance" and "event," "reverse" and "converse," "eliminate" and "elicit," are often confused together.

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

CLEARNESS AND FORCE.
Numbers in brackets refer to the Rules.
WORDS.
1. Use words in their proper sense.

Write, not "His apparent guilt justified his friends in disowning him," but "his evident guilt."

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

56. Brevity often clashes with clearness. Let clearness be the first consideration.

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

56. Brevity often clashes with clearness. Let clearness be the first consideration

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

may be used as equivalents for phrases containing the Relative.

50. A statement may sometimes be briefly implied instead of being expressed at length.

51. Conjunctions may be omitted. Adverbs, e.g. "very," "so." Exaggerated epithets, e.g. "incalculable," "unprecedented."

51 a. The imperative may be used for "if &c."

52. Apposition may be used, so as to convert two sentences into one.

53. Condensation may be effected by not repeating (1) the common Subject of several Verbs; (2) the common Object of several Verbs or Prepositions.

54. Tautology. Repeating what may be implied.

55. Parenthesis maybe used with advantage to brevity. See 26.

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

II. BREVITY.
46. Metaphor is briefer than literal statement.

47. General terms are briefer, though less forcible, than particular terms.

47 a. A phrase may sometimes be expressed by a word.

48. Participles may often be used as brief (though sometimes ambiguous) equivalents of phrases containing Conjunctions and Verbs.

49. Participles, Adjectives, Participial Adjectives, and Nouns

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

some other connecting words at the beginning of the sentence.

45. The connection between two long sentences or paragraphs sometimes requires a short intervening sentence showing the transition of thought.

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

middle, and the middle for the end, the whole forming a kind of ascent. This ascent is called "climax."

40. When the thought is expected to ascend, but descends, feebleness, and sometimes confusion, is the result. The descent is called "bathos."

40 a. A new construction should not be introduced unexpectedly.

41. Antithesis adds force and often clearness.

42. Epigram.

43. Let each sentence have one, and only one, principal subject of thought. Avoid heterogeneous sentences.

44. The connection between different sentences must be kept up by Adverbs used as Conjunctions, or by means of

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

. Suspensive Conjunctions, e.g. "either," "not only," "on the one hand," &c., add clearness.

35. Repeat the Subject, where its omission would cause obscurity or ambiguity.

36. Repeat a Preposition after an intervening Conjunction, especially if a Verb and an Object also intervene.

37. Repeat Conjunctions, Auxiliary Verbs, and Pronominal Adjectives.

37 a. Repeat Verbs after the Conjunctions "than," "as," &c.

38. Repeat the Subject, or some other emphatic word, or a summary of what has been said, if the sentence is so long that it is difficult to keep the thread of meaning unbroken.

39. Clearness is increased, when the beginning of the sentence prepares the way for the

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Iaroslav Krylovдәйексөз келтірді4 ай бұрын

distinct from those that are independent.

29. Where there are several infinitives, those that are dependent on the same word must be kept distinct from those that are not.

30. The principle of Suspense.

30 a. It is a violation of the principle of suspense to introduce unexpectedly at the end of a long sentence, some short and unemphatic clause beginning with (a) "not," (b) "which."

31. Suspense must not be excessive.

32. In a sentence with "if," "when," "though," &c., put the "if-clause," antecedent, or protasis, first.

33. Suspense is gained by placing a Participle or Adjective, that qualifies the Subject, before the Subject.

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автордың кітабынан сөз тіркестері How to Write Clearly / Rules and Exercises on English CompositionEdwin Abbott

автордың кітабынан сөз тіркестері How to Write Clearly / Rules and Exercises on English Composition
Edwin Abbott