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Title: Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation

Author: William W. Mann

Release Date: December 23, 2007 [EBook #23984]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESPERANTO SELF-TAUGHT ***

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MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIES

Esperanto Self-Taught
WITH
PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
BY
WILLIAM W. MANN.
(Member of the British Esperanto Association.)

THIRD EDITION

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

London:
E. MARLBOROUGH & CO., LTD., 51 Old Bailey, E.C. 4

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]

PREFACE.

The object of this volume is two-fold. It supplies very full and comprehensive vocabularies of the words required by the tourist or traveller, visitor or resident abroad, health or pleasure seeker, and professional or business man, together with a large number of conversational sentences of a typical and practical character. The words and phrases are classified according to subject, and the phonetic pronunciation of every word is added in accordance with Marlborough's simple and popular system of phonetics.

With the aid of this book anyone may undertake a trip to a foreign land, even if he know nothing of the language of the country he is going to, and, if he will put himself beforehand in communication with Esperantists in the various places he intends to visit, he will find them ready to help him in many ways, and his stay abroad will thus be made much more entertaining and instructive than if he had spent his time in the conventional manner of the ordinary tourist. A further great advantage of this international language is, that it opens up to the traveller, not merely one particular country, but the whole of Europe.

The book also aims at affording a practical guide to Esperanto for the student, who will find, in the section on Grammar, all that he needs to give him full insight into and grasp of the language, enabling him with very little effort to read, write and speak correctly.

By joining an Esperanto Group the learner may have frequent opportunity of conversational practice, and he will soon find that it is by no means a difficult matter to become as fluent in the auxiliary language as in his mother-tongue.1

Esperanto is not merely a language for tourists, but already possesses a rich literature of considerable extent, the beginnings of that "Weltlitteratur" foreseen by Goethe; it has a press of its own representing every country of importance in the world, and is constantly being made use of for professional purposes by doctors, scientists, teachers, lawyers, soldiers, sailors, merchants, etc., in every quarter of the globe. It is undoubtedly destined, ere many years have passed, to become a very important factor in the progress of the world.

WILLIAM W. MANN.

London, 1908.

PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Letchworth: The Garden City Press Ltd.

Fifth Impression

CONTENTS.

• Alphabet, with English Phonetic Pronunciation 5
• Preliminary Notes.—Accents, Vowels, Diphthongs, etc. 7
• Vocabularies.—Pages 9 to 76.
  • Amusement, Recreation and 41
  • Animals, Vegetables, &c.:
    • Animals, Birds and Fishes 12
    • Fruit, Trees, Flowers and Vegetables 15
    • Reptiles and Insects 14
  • Colours 17
  • Commercial Terms 56
  • Correspondence 61
  • Countries and Nations 40
  • Cycling 44
  • Cooking and Table Utensils 29
  • House and Furniture, The 34
  • Legal Terms 54
  • Mankind:
    • Relations 22
    • Dress and the Toilet 30
    • Food and Drink 27
    • Health 26
    • Human Body, The 23
    • Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. 24
  • Motoring 47
  • Numbers: Cardinal, Ordinal, Collective and Fractional 62 to 64
  • Parts of Speech.—Pages 64 to 76
    • Adjectives 64
    • Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions 72
    • Verbs 68
  • Photography 48
  • Post, Telegraph and Telephone 60
  • Professions and Trades 52
  • Recreation and Amusement 41
  • Religion 50
  • Telegraph and Telephone (Post, —) 60
  • Time and Seasons 17
  • Town, Country, and Agriculture 20
  • Travelling:
    • By Road and Rail 36
    • By Ship 39
  • Washing List 33
  • World and its Elements, The 9
    • Land and Water 10
    • Minerals and Metals 11
• Grammar.—Pages 77 to 88.
  • The Adjective 77
  • " Adverb 83
  • " Article 77
  • " Conjunction 83
  • " Noun 77
  • " Preposition 83
  • " Pronoun 78
  • " Verb 81
• The Formation of Words, etc.—Pages 84 to 88.
  • Prefixes and Suffixes 84 to 87
  • Compound Words 87
  • Correlatives 88
• Conversations.—Pages 89 to 126.
  • Amusements 112
  • Commercial and Trading 125
  • Correspondence 122
  • Custom House, At the 98
  • Cycling 114
  • Enquiries 93
  • Expressions, (Useful and Necessary) 89
    • Expressions of Emotion 93
  • Health 105
  • Legal and Judicial 123
  • Meals 102 to 105
    • Breakfast 102
    • Dinner 103
    • Tea 104
  • Money Changing 126
  • Motoring 115
  • Photography 117
  • Post and Telegraph 121
  • Religion 118
  • Shopping 108
    • Dressmaker 110
    • Laundress 111
    • Shoemaker 110
  • Telegraph (Post and) 121
  • Time of Day, The 118
  • Times, Seasons, and Weather 119
  • Town, In 106
  • Travelling:—
    • Arrival 99
    • Bus and Tram 100
    • Changing Money 126
    • Hotel and Rooms 100
    • Public Notices 94
    • Railway, By 95
    • Steamer, By 97
  • Useful and Necessary Expressions 89
• Money.—Equivalent Values 127
• Weights and Measures; Postage 128

THE ESPERANTO ALPHABET
(WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION).

The Esperanto Alphabet has 28 letters—23 consonants, 5 vowels:—

Characters.

Name and English Pronunciation.

Phonetics used.

A, a

(ah) like

a

in

father

or

pa

; as

patro

(pah'troh). In unaccented syllables it should not be dwelt upon, and in all cases it should be pronounced quite purely, without the slight drawling

r

-sound which is sometimes added to the corresponding vowel in English

ah

B, b

(bo) as in English

b

C, c

(tsoh) like

ts

in

gets

,

hits

, and never as in English; as

caro

(tsah'roh)

ts

Ĉ, ĉ

(cho) like

ch

in

church

; as

ĉasi

(chah'see)

ch

D, d

(do) as in English, but with tip of tongue placed on back of teeth instead of on front ridge of roof of mouth

d

E, e

(eh) like

e

in

bend

pronounced broadly, or

a

in

hate

shortly pronounced, but quite pure, entirely without the slight drawling

ee

-sound often heard after the English vowel; as

beno

(beh'noh)

e, eh

F, f

(fo) as in English

f

G, g

(go) like

g

in

go

,

give

, as

gasto

(gah'stoh), and never like

g

in

gem

,

allege

g

Ĝ, ĝ

(jo) like

g

in

gem

,

general

, and

j

in

jovial

; as

ĝeni

(jeh'nee)

j

H, h

(ho) as in English

h

Ĥ, ĥ

(ĥo) like

ch

in Scotch

loch

,

ch

in German

hoch

,

j

in Spanish

mujer

. This guttural sound is practically a very strongly aspirated

h

, and may be made by trying to pronounce "ho" with the throat arranged as for saying

k

:—

ĥoro

(khoro),

ĥino

(khino)

kh

I, i

(ee) like

ee

in

seen

, as

li

(lee). In unaccented syllables, and before two consonants together, this

i

practically becomes the

i

in

it

or in

wind

; as

ferminte

(fehrr-min'teh)

ee, i

J, j

(yo)

always

like

y

in

yet

, as

jes

(yehss),

vojo

(vo'yo), and never like

j

in

judge

,

joke

y

It should be remembered that

j

is

always a consonant

, with the sound of the English

y

in

you

. Of course, when

j

occurs at the end of a word or before a consonant, it practically unites with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong, and loses the full consonantal sound which it has before a vowel. Thus:

Aj

(ahy), like

ah y

in

ah yes

(almost like

y

in

my

); as

kaj

(kah'y),

rajdi

(rah'y-dee),

krajono

(krah-yo'no)

ahy

Ej

(ehy), like

ay y

in

say yes

; as

plej

(pleh'y,

one

syllable)

ehy

Oj

(oy), like

oh y

in

oh yes

(almost like

oy

in

toy

); as

ranoj

(rah'noy),

kojno

(koy'noh)

oy

Uj

(ooy), like

oo y

in

too young

; as

tuj

(too'y,

one

syllable),

prujno

(proo'yno,

two

syllables)

ooy

Ĵ, ĵ

(zho) like

s

in

vision

or

pleasure

, or

j

in French

jeune, j'ai

; as

ĵeti

(zheh'tee)

zh

K, k

(ko) as in English

k

L, l

(lo) as in English

l

M, m

(mo) as in English

m

N, n

(no) as in English

n

O, o

(oh) like

o

in

horse

, not diphthongized, but pronounced purely and rather shortly, as

bona

(boh'nah

NOT

bow'nah), quite without the short

oo

-sound frequently heard with the English vowel in such words as

note

,

boat

. Its sound is almost equivalent to

aw

in

caw

, pronounced shortly and with the lips placed roundly as if for saying

oh

; as

estonta

(ess-tohn'tah)

o, oh

P, p

(po) as in English

p

R, r

(ro) as in English, but sounded

much more forcibly

, and always

with a trill

as in singing; as

korpo

(kohr'po)

r

S, s

(so) like

s

in

say

, as

suno

(soo'noh), and

never

as

s

in

rose

; as

pesi

(peh'see)

s, ss

Ŝ, ŝ

(sho) like

sh

in

show

,

she

; as

ŝipo

(shee'poh)

sh

T, t

(to) as in English, but dentally—with tip of tongue placed on back of teeth instead of on front ridge of roof of mouth

t

U, u

(oo) like

oo

in

boot

, as

nubo

(

noo'

boh); and

never

as

u

in

mute

or

but

oo

Ŭ, ŭ

(wo) is equivalent to the English

w

, and is produced by a

partial bringing together

of the lips. It practically only occurs after

a

or

e

w, ŏŏ

(1)

Aŭ

. To say

antaŭ

, for instance, say "ahn'tah," and finish by bringing the lips slightly together to pronounce the

ŭ

(

w

). Similarly for

laŭta

(lah'w-tah). This sound is not exactly the English

ou

in

house

, but is just the

au

in the German

Haus

. The phonetic sign for

aŭ

, therefore is

ahw

(2)

Eŭ

, as in

Eŭropo

(ehw-ro'poh), is pronounced with a similar closing of the lips after the

eh-

sound

ehw

V, v

(vo) as in English

v

Z, z

(zo) as in English

z

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

In order to make the best progress in acquiring the words and sentences in the following pages, the student is recommended to learn a few at a time by repeating them aloud with the aid of the phonetic pronunciation in the third column.

Although the system of phonetics may seem a little cumbersome, practice will soon enable the student to pronounce the words easily and naturally. The following notes will be useful:—

1. Accent.—In Esperanto, every letter, whether vowel or consonant, is sounded. The accented syllable of a word is always the last but one. Thus, nobla (noh'blah), irado (ee-rah'do), telefono (teh-leh-foh'no), internacia (in-tehr-naht-see'ah), folio (fohlee'oh).

It should be borne in mind that j and ŭ are consonants, and do not, like the vowels, of themselves constitute a syllable. Thus, tiu (tee'oo, two syllables) and tiuj (tee'ooy, also two syllables), rajdi (rah'y-dee, not rah-ĭ'dee), antaŭ (ahn'tahw, not ahn-tah'ŏŏ).

2. The vowels, a, e, i, o, u, should in Esperanto be pronounced quite purely, and entirely without any drawling after-sound. Many English speakers diphthongize a, i, o, and pronounce late as "la-it," pale as "pa-il," paper as "pa-y-per," road as "row-d," etc. This habit of drawling the vowels, when transferred to Esperanto, thus: Mi ne povas bone paroli, mee'y nay'ee poh'ŏŏ-vah(r)ss boh'ŏŏ-nehy pah(r)-roh'ŏŏ-leey, immediately reveals the nationality of the speaker.

There is also an inclination to interpose an r-sound between la ("the") and a word beginning with a vowel, thus: la(r)ebleco instead of la ebleco, la(r)internacia lingvo instead of la internacia lingvo, etc. This should be avoided.

3. Combinations of Consonants.—There are a few consonantal combinations which offer a slight difficulty to English beginners, viz., gv, kn, kv, sc. The combinations gv, kn, and kv, as in gvidi (gvee'dee), knabo (knah'bo), kvieto (kvee-eh'toh), may be practised by first placing a vowel before the g or k, and gradually suppressing it. Thus, first say la knabo (lahk-nah'bo), and gradually drop the "lah," until finally knabo can be said without difficulty.

The combination sc, as in sceno (stseh'no), may be learnt thus: Say "last sane" several times, very distinctly pronouncing the st and the s, then gradually "'st sane", and finally sceno (stseh'no) without any preceding vowel-sound. When this combination follows a vowel, as in mi scias, it should cause no difficulty, for the s is easily pronounced with the first syllable, thus: meess-tsee'ahss.

LETTER FROM DR. ZAMENHOF.
(Founder of Esperanto.)

Varsovio, 14.9.08.

Karaj Sinjoroj,—Kun plezuro kaj danko mi ricevis vian leteron de 10.9, kaj ankaŭ la presprovaĵon de "Esperanto Self-Taught."

Ĉar Sro Mann estas tre kompetenta kaj sperta esperantisto, tial mi estas tute certa, ke la libro verkita de li estos tre bona kaj tre utila.

Via,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

[TRANSLATION.]

Warsaw, 14.9.08.

Dear Sirs,—I received your letter of Sept. 10, and the proofs of "Esperanto Self-Taught," with pleasure and thanks.

As Mr. Mann is a very competent and experienced Esperantist, I am quite certain that the book written by him will be very good and very useful.

Yours,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

VOCABULARIES.

1. The World & its Elements.
(La Mondo kaj ĝiaj Elementoj.)

(See Notes on the Article, p. 77.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Air

aero

ah-eh'ro

cloud

nubo

noo'bo

cold

malvarmo

mahl-vahrr'mo

darkness

mallumo

mahl-loo'mo

dew

roso

ro'so

dust

polvo

pohl'vo

earth

tero

teh'ro

east

oriento

o-ree-ehn'toh

eclipse

eklipso

eh-klip'so

fire

fajro

fahy'ro

fog

nebulo

neh-boo'lo

frost

frosto

frohst'o

hail

hajlo

hahy'lo

heat

varmo

vahrr'mo

light

lumo

loo'mo

lightning

fulmo

fool'mo

moon; —, new

luno; nova luno

loo'no; no'vah loo'no

—, full

plena luno

pleh'nah loo'no

moonlight

lunlumo

loon'loo'mo

nature

naturo

nah-too'ro

north

nordo

nohrr'doh

rain

pluvo

ploo'vo

rainbow

ĉielarko

chee-ehl-ahr'ko

shade, shadow

ombro

ohm'bro

sky

ĉielo

chee-eh'lo

snow

neĝo

neh'jo

south

sudo

soo'doh

star

stelo

steh'lo

sun

suno

soo'no

thaw

degelo

deh-geh'lo

thunder

tondro

tohn'dro

weather

vetero

veteh'ro

west

okcidento

ohk-tsee-dehn'toh

wind

vento

vehn'toh

2. Land and Water.
(La Tero kaj la Akvo.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Bay

golfeto

golf-eh'toh

beach

marbordo

mahrbohr'doh

canal

kanalo

kanah'lo

cape

terkapo

tehr-kah'po

cliff

krutegaĵo

kroo-teh-gah'zho

coast

marbordo

mahr-bohr'doh

creek

kriko

kree'ko

current

akvofluo

ahk'vo-floo'oh

ebb

malfluso

mahl-floo'so

flood (deluge)

inundo

in-oon'doh

— (of the tide)

fluso

floo'so

flow

fluo

floo'oh

foam

ŝaŭmo

shahw'mo

hill

monteto

mohn-teh'toh

ice

glacio

glaht-see'oh

island

insulo

in-soo'lo

lake

lago

lah'go

land

tero

teh'ro

mainland

ĉeftero

chehf-teh'ro

marsh

marĉo

mahr'cho

moor

stepo

steh'po

mountain

monto

mohn'toh

mud

koto

ko'toh

river

rivero

reeveh'ro

rock

roko

ro'ko

sand

sablo

sah'blo

sea

maro

mah'ro

sea-shore

marbordo

mahr-bohr'doh

shingle

ŝtonetaĵo

shto-neh-tah'zho

storm

ventego

ven-teh'go

stream

rivereto

rivehr-eh'toh

tide; —, high

tajdo; altmaro

tahy'doh; ahlt-mah'ro

—, low

malaltmaro

mahl'ahlt-mah'ro

valley

valo

vah'lo

water; —, fresh

akvo; sensala akvo

ahk'vo; sen-sah'la ahk'vo

—, salt

sala akvo

sah'la ahk'vo

waterfall

akvofalo

ahk'vo-fah'lo

wave

ondo

ohn'doh

well

akvoputo

ahk'vo-poo'toh

3. Minerals & Metals.
(Mineraloj kaj Metaloj.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Alum

aluno

ahloo'no

amber

sukceno

sookt-seh'no

brass

latuno

lah-too'no

bricks

brikoj

bree'koy

bronze

bronzo

brohn'zo

cement

cemento

tseh-mehn'to

chalk

kreto

kreh'to

clay

argilo

ahr-ghee'lo

coal

karbo

kahrr'bo

concrete

betono

beh-toh'no

copper

kupro

koo'pro

coral

koralo

kohrah'lo

crystal

kristalo

kris-tah'lo

diamond

diamanto

dee-ahmahn'toh

emerald

smeraldo

smehrahl'doh

glass

vitro

vee'tro

gold

oro

oh'ro

granite

granito

grahnee'toh

gravel

gruzo

groo'zo

iron

fero

feh'ro

—, cast

fandfero

fahnd-feh'ro

—, wrought

forĝfero

fohrj-feh'ro

lead

plumbo

ploom'bo

lime

kalko

kahl'ko

marble

marmoro

mahrr-moh'ro

mercury

hidrargo

heedrahrr'go

mortar

mortero

mohr-teh'ro

nickel

nikelo

nik-eh'loh

opal

opalo

ohpah'lo

ore

minaĵo

meenah'zho

pearl

perlo

pehrr'lo

ruby

rubeno

roobeh'no

silver

arĝento

ahrr-jehn'toh

slate

ardezo

ahrr-deh'zo

soda

sodo

so'doh

steel

ŝtalo

shtah'lo

stone

ŝtono

shtoh'no

tin

stano

stah'no

zinc

zinko

zeen'ko

4. Animals, Birds & Fishes.
(Bestoj, Birdoj, kaj Fiŝoj.)

(See Shopping, p. 108.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Animal

besto

beh'stoh

barking

bojado

bo-yah'doh

bear

urso

oorr'so

bird

birdo

beerr'doh

blackbird

merlo

mehrr'lo

braying

azenbleko

ah-zehn-bleh'ko

bull

bovoviro

bo'vo-veer'oh

calf

bovido

bo-vee'doh

canary

kanario

kanah-ree'oh

cat

kato

kah'toh

chicken

kokido

ko-kee'doh

claw, nail

ungo

oon'go

cock

koko

ko'ko

cod

moruo

mo-roo'oh

colt

ĉevalido

chehvah-lee'doh

cow

bovino

bo-vee'no

crab

krabo

krah'bo

cuckoo

kukolo

koo-ko'lo

deer

damcervo

dahm-tsehrr'vo

dog

hundo

hoon'doh

donkey

azeno

ah-zeh'no

dove, pigeon

kolombo

ko-lohm'bo

duck

anaso

ah-nah'so

—, wild

sovaĝa anaso

so-vah'ja ah-nah'so

eagle

aglo

ah'glo

eel

angilo

ahn-ghee'lo

elephant

elefanto

ehleh-fahn'toh

feather

plumo

ploo'mo

fins

naĝiloj

nah-jee'loy

fish

fiŝo

fee'sho

fowl

kortbirdo

kohrrt-beer'doh

fox

vulpo

vool'po

fur

felo

feh'lo

game

ĉasaĵo

chah-sah'zho

gills

brankoj

brahn'koy

goat

kapro

kah'pro

goose

ansero

ahn-seh'ro

gull

mevo

meh'vo

haddock

eglefino

eh-gleh-fee'no

hake

merluĉo

mehr-loo'cho

hare

leporo

lepoh'ro

hen

kokino

ko-kee'no

herring

haringo

har-een'go

hoof

hufo

hoo'foh

horn

korno

kohrr'no

horse

ĉevalo

cheh-vah'loh

howling

blekado

bleh-kah'doh

lamb

ŝafido

shah-fee'do

lark

alaŭdo

ahl-ahw'doh

lion

leono

leh-oh'no

lobster

omaro

o-mah'ro

mackerel

skombro

skohm'bro

magpie

pigo

pee'go

mane

kolhararo

kohl'har-ah'ro

mewing

miaŭado

mee-ah-wah'doh

monkey

simio

sim-ee'oh

mouse

muso

moo'so

mullet

mugelo

moo-gheh'lo

nightingale

najtingalo

nahy-tin-gah'lo

owl

strigo

stree'go

ox

bovo

bo'vo

oyster

ostro

oh'stro

parrot

papago

pa-pah'go

partridge

perdriko

pehr-dree'ko

paw

piedo

pee-eh'doh

peacock

pavo

pah'voh

pheasant

fazano

fah-zah'no

pig

porko

pohrr'ko

pike

ezoko

eh-zo'ko

plaice

plateso

plah-teh'so

quail

koturno

ko-toorr'no

rabbit

kuniklo

koo-nee'klo

rat

rato

rah'toh

raven

korvo

kohrr'vo

rook

frugilego

froo-ghee-leh'go

salmon

salmo

sahl'mo

sheep

ŝafo

shah'fo

snipe

marĉa skolopo

mar'chah sko-lo'po

sparrow

pasero

pa-seh'ro

stork

cikonio

tsee-konee'oh

swallow

hirundo

hee-roon'doh

swan

cigno

tseeg'noh

tail

vosto

vo'sto

thrush

turdo

toorr'doh

tiger

tigro

tee'gro

tortoise

testudo

tess-too'doh

trout

truto

troo'toh

turbot

rombfiŝo

rohmb-fee'sho

turkey

meleagro

meh-leh-ah'gro

turtle

kelonio

keh-lo-nee'oh

whale

baleno

bah-leh'no

wing

flugilo

floo-ghee'lo

wolf

lupo

loo'po

wren

regolo

reh-go'lo

5. Reptiles & Insects.
(Rampuloj kaj Insektoj.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Ant

formiko

fohrmee'ko

bee

abelo

ah-beh'lo

beetle

skarabo

skarah'bo

bug

cimo

tsee'moh

butterfly

papilio

pah-peelee'oh

caterpillar

raŭpo

rahw'po

flea

pulo

poo'lo

fly

muŝo

moo'shoh

frog

rano

rah'noh

gnat

kulo

koo'lo

grasshopper

akrido

ah-kree'doh

insect

insekto

insek'toh

moth; —, clothes-

faleno; tineo

fah-leh'no; teeneh'oh

silkworm

silkraŭpo

silk-rahw'po

snail

heliko

heh-lee'ko

snake

serpento

sehr-pehn'toh

spider

araneo

arah-neh'oh

sting

pikilo

peekee'lo

toad

bufo

boo'fo

wasp

vespo

vehs'po

worm

vermo

vehrr'mo

6. Fruits, Trees2, Flowers & Vegetables
(Fruktoj, Arboj, Floroj, kaj Legomoj.)

(For Shopping, see p. 106.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Acorn

glano

glah'noh

almond

migdalo

mig-dah'lo

apple

pomo

poh'mo

apricot

abrikoto

ahbree-ko'toh

ash

frakseno

frahk-seh'noh

asparagus

asparago

ahspah-rah'go

banana

banano

bahnah'no

bark

arbŝelo

ahrb-sheh'lo

beans

faboj

fah'boy

beech (-tree)

fago

fah'go

beetroot

beto

beh'toh

birch (-tree)

betulo

beh-too'lo

blackberry

rubuso

roo-boo'so

bouquet

bukedo

bookeh'do

branch

branĉo

brahn'cho

buttercup

ranunkulo

rahnoon-koo'lo

cabbage

brasiko

brahsee'ko

carrot

karoto

kahroh'toh

cauliflower

florbrasiko

flohr'brah-see'ko

celery

celerio

tseh-lehree'oh

cherry

ĉerizo

chehree'zo

chestnut (edible)

kaŝtano

kashtah'no

chrysanthemum

krizantemo

krizahn-teh'mo

cucumber

kukumo

kookoo'mo

currants (dried)

korintoj

kohreen'toy

daisy

lekanteto

leh-kahn-teh'toh

dandelion

leontodo

leh-ontoh'doh

elm (-tree)

ulmo

ool'mo

evergreen

ĉiamverdulo

chee'ahm-vehrdoo'lo

fern

filiko

feelee'ko

fibre

fibro

fee'broh

fig

figo

fee'go

fir (-tree)

abio

ahbee'oh

flower

floro

floh'roh

fruit-tree

fruktarbo

frookt-ahr'bo

gooseberry

groso

groh'so

grape

vinbero

veenbeh'ro

holly

ilekso

eelek'so

horse-chestnut

hipo-kaŝtano

hee'po-kahshtah'no

horse-radish

kreno

kreh'no

ivy

hedero

heh-deh'ro

kernel

kerno

kehrr'no

laurel

laŭro

lahw'ro

leaf

folio

fohlee'oh

lemon

citrono

tsee-troh'no

lettuce

laktuko

lahk-too'ko

lily

lilio

leelee'oh

lily-of-the-valley

konvalo

kohn-vah'lo

lime (fruit); -tree

limedo; tilio

leemeh'do; teelee'oh

maize

maizo

mah-ee'zo

maple

acero

aht-seh'ro

melon

melono

meh-loh'no

misletoe

visko

vees'ko

mulberry

moruso

moh-roo'so

nettle

urtiko

oortee'ko

nut; walnut

nukso; juglando

nook'so; yooglahn'do

oak (-tree)

kverko

kvehrr'ko

onion

bulbo

bool'bo

orange

oranĝo

ohrahn'jo

parsnip

pastinako

pahstee-nah'ko

peach

persiko

pehrr-see'ko

pear

piro

pee'ro

peas

pizoj

pee'zoy

pine-apple

ananaso

ah-nahnah'so

plant

kreskaĵo

kreskah'zho

plum

pruno

proo'no

potatoes

terpomo

tehrr-poh'mo

primrose

primolo

pree-mo'lo

privet

ligustro

lee-goost'ro

pumpkin

kukurbo

kookoorr'bo

radishes

rafanoj

rahfah'noy

raisins

sekvinberoj

sek-vinbeh'roy

raspberry

frambo

frahm'bo

root

radiko

rahdee'ko

rose

rozo

roh'zo

skin, shell (of fruit)

ŝelo

sheh'lo

sloe

prunelo

prooneh'lo

spinach

spinaco

speenaht'so

stalk, stem

trunketo

troonkeh'toh

strawberry

frago

frah'go

stump

stumpo

stoom'po

tomato

tomato

toh-mah'toh

tree

arbo

ar'bo

trunk (tree-)

trunko

troon'ko

tulip

tulipo

toolee'po

turnip

napo

nah'po

vegetable marrow

medolkukurbo

mehdohl'kookoor'bo

vine

vinberujo

vinbehr-oo'yoh

violet

violo

vee-oh'lo

willow

saliko

sahlee'ko

7. Colours.
(Koloroj.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Black

nigra

nee'gra

blue

blua

bloo'ah

brown

bruna

broo'na

crimson

punca

poont'sah

dark

malhela

mahl-heh'la

green

verda

vehrr'da

grey

griza

gree'za

light

hela

heh'la

orange

oranĝa

ohrahn'ja

pink

rozkolora

rohz-kohlo'ra

purple

purpura

poorr-poo'ra

red

ruĝa

roo'ja

scarlet

skarlata

skahr-lah'ta

violet

violkolora

veeohl'kohlo'ra

white

blanka

blahn'ka

yellow

flava

flah'va

8. Times & Seasons.
(La Tempoj kaj la Sezonoj.)

(For Conversations, see p. 119.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Afternoon

posttagmezo

post-tahg-meh'zo

Bank holidays

bankaj libertagoj

bahn'kahy lee-behrr-tah'goy

Good Friday

Sankta Vendredo

sahnk'tah ven-dreh'doh

Easter Monday

Paska lundo

pah'skah loon'doh

Whit-Monday

Pentekosta lundo

penteh-ko'stah loon'doh

first Monday in August

la unua lundo en Aŭgusto

lah oo-noo'ah loon'doh en ahw-goo'sto

Boxing-day

la tago post Kristnasko

lah tah'go post krist-nah'sko

beginning

komenciĝo

koh-ment-see'jo

birthday

naskotago

nah'sko-tah'go

century

centjaro

tsehnt-yah'ro

Christmas-day

Kristnasko

krist-nah'sko

dawn, daybreak

tagiĝo

tah-ghee'jo

day

tago

tah'go

days of the week

tagoj de la semajno

tah'goy deh la sehmahy'no

Sunday

dimanĉo

deemahn'cho

Monday

lundo

loon'doh

Tuesday

mardo

mahrr'doh

Wednesday

merkredo

mehrr-kreh'doh

Thursday

ĵaŭdo

zhahw'doh

Friday

vendredo

vendreh'doh

Saturday

sabato

sahbah'toh

Easter

Pasko

pah'sko

end

fino

fee'no

evening

vespero

veh-speh'ro

fortnight

du semajnoj

doo seh-mahy'noy

half

duono

doo-oh'no

half-a-century

duoncentjaro

doo-ohn'tsent-yah'ro

half-an-hour

duonhoro

doo-ohn-ho'ro

holiday

libertempo

libehr-tehm'po

hour

horo

ho'ro

last month

lastan monaton

lah'stahn monah'tohn

last night

hieraŭ nokte

hee-eh'rahw nohk'teh

last Sunday

lastan dimanĉon

lah'stahn deemahn'chon

last week

lastan semajnon

lah'stahn seh-mahy'nohn

leap year

superjaro

soo'pehrr-yah'ro

Lent

la Fastsezono

la fahst'seh-zo'no

Michaelmas

la tago de Sankta Miĥaelo

lah tah'go deh sahnk'tah mee

kh

ah-eh'lo

midnight

noktomezo

nohk'toh-meh'zo

midsummer

somermezo

so-mehr-meh'zo

minute

minuto

mee-noo'toh

month

monato

mo-nah'toh

months, the

la monatoj

la mo-nah'toy

January

Januaro

yah-noo-ah'ro

February

Februaro

feh-broo-ah'ro

March

Marto

mahrr'toh

April

Aprilo

ah-pree'lo

May

Majo

mah'yo

June

Junio

yoo-nee'oh

July

Julio

yoo-lee'oh

August

Aŭgusto

ahw-goost'oh

September

Septembro

sep-tehm'bro

October

Oktobro

ok-toh'bro

November

Novembro

no-vehm'bro

December

Decembro

deht-sehm'bro

morning

mateno

mah-teh'no

next day

la proksima(n) tago(n)3

la proksee'mah(n) tah'goh(n)

night

nokto

nok'toh

noon

tagmezo

tahg-meh'zo

quarter

kvarono

kvah-ro'no

quarter of an hour

kvaronhoro

kvah-rohn-ho'ro

season

sezono

seh-zo'no

seasons

la sezonoj

la seh-zo'noy

spring

printempo

prin-tehm'po

summer

somero

soh-mehr'o

autumn

aŭtuno

ahw-too'no

winter

vintro

vin'tro

second

sekundo

seh-koon'doh

sunrise

sunleviĝo

soon'leh-vee'jo

sunset

sunsubiro

soon'soobeer'o

time

tempo

tehm'po

to-day

hodiaŭ

hoh-dee'ahw

to-morrow

morgaŭ

morr'gahw

to-night

hodiaŭ nokte

hoh-dee'ahw nok'teh

twilight

krepusko

krehpoos'ko

week

semajno

seh-mahy'no

week-day

labortago

lahbohr-tah'go

Whitsuntide

Pentekosto

penteh-kohs'toh

year

jaro

yah'ro

yesterday

hieraŭ

hee-eh'rahw

yesterday morning

hieraŭ matene

hee-eh'rahw mahteh'neh

9. Town, Country and Agriculture.
(La Urbo, la Kamparo, kaj la Terkulturo).

(For Conversations, see p. 106.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Bank

deklivo

deh-klee'vo

bank (edge)

bordo

bohrr'doh

barley

hordeo

hohrdeh'o

barn

grenejo

greh-neh'yo

bridge

ponto

pohn'toh

brook

rivereto

reevehr-eh'toh

building

konstruaĵo

kon-stroo-ah'zho

bush, shrub

arbusto

ahrr-boo'sto

cattle

brutoj

broo'toy

cemetery

tombejo

tohm-beh'yo

clover

trifolio

tree-fohl-ee'o

corn

greno

greh'no

cottage

dometo

doh-meh'toh

country, the

la kamparo

lah kahm-pah'ro

courtyard

korto

kohrr'toh

crop

rikolto

ree-kohl'toh

dairy

laktejo

lahk-teh'yo

ditch

fosaĵo

foh-sah'zho

drain

drenilo

drehn-ee'lo

farm

farmbieno

fahrm'bee-eh'no

farmer

farmisto

fahrm-ist'o

fence

palisaro

pahlee-sah'ro

field

kampo

kahm'po

flock (of sheep)

ŝafaro

shahf-ah'ro

foot-path

piedvojeto

pee-ehd'vo-yeh'toh

foot-pavement

trotuaro

tro-tooahr'o

forest

arbaro

ahr-bar'o

garden

ĝardeno

jahrr-deh'no

gate

barpordo

bahr-pohr'doh

grass

herbo

hehrr'bo

harvest

grenrikolto

grehn'reekohl'toh

hay

fojno

foy'no

hedge

plektobarilo

plek'toh-bahree'lo

herd

bovaro

bo-vah'ro

high road

ĉefvojo

chehf-vo'yoh

hotel

hotelo

ho-teh'lo

hut

kabano

kah-bah'noh

inn

gastejo

gah-steh'yoh

labourer

laboristo

lah-bo-reest'o

land, soil

tero

tehr'o

library

biblioteko

bib-lee-oh-teh'ko

log

ŝtipo

shtee'po

manure

sterko

stehrr'ko

market

vendejo

vendeh'yo

market-place

vendeja placo

vendeh'ya plaht'so

meadow

herbejo

hehr-beh'yo

mile

mejlo

mehy'lo

mill

muelilo

moo-ehlee'lo

monument

monumento

mo-noomehn'toh

oats

aveno

ah-veh'no

palace

palaco

pah-laht'so

place, spot

loko

lo'ko

pasture

paŝtejo

pah-shteh'yo

plough

plugilo

ploo-ghee'lo

police-station

policejo

pohleet-seh'yo

prison

malliberejo

mahl-lee-beh-reh'yo

public-house

trinkejo

trin-keh'yoh

restaurant

restoracio

restohraht-see'o

river

rivero

ree-veh'ro

road

vojo

vo'yoh

rye

sekalo

seh-kah'lo

school

lernejo

lehrr-neh'yo

seed

semo

seh'mo

shepherd

paŝtisto

pah-shteest'o

shop

butiko

bootee'ko

square

placo

plaht'so

stack

stako

stah'ko

street

strato

strah'toh

street-lamp

stratlanterno

straht'lahn-tehrr'no

tower

turo

toor'o

town

urbo

oorr'bo

town-hall

urbdomo

oorrb-doh'mo

tramway

tramvojo

trahm-vo'yoh

tree

arbo

ahrr'bo

university

universitato

oonivehr-seetah'toh

village

vilaĝo

veelah'jo

waterfall

akvofalo

ahk'vo-fah'lo

wheat

tritiko

treetee'ko

10. Mankind: Relations.
(La Homaro: Parencoj).

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Aunt

onklino

ohn-klee'no

baby

infaneto

infahn-eh'toh

boy

knabo

knah'bo

bride

edzinigato

ed-zeenee-gah'toh

bridegroom

edzigato

edzee-gah'toh

brother

frato

frah'toh

child

infano

infahn'o

cousin

kuzo

m.,

kuzino

f.

koo'zo, koozee'no

daughter

filino

feelee'no

daughter-in-law

bofilino

bo-feelee'no

family

familio

fahmee-lee'o

father

patro

pah'tro

father-in-law

bopatro

bo-pah'tro

gentleman, Mr.

sinjoro

seenyohr'o

girl

knabino

knah-bee'no

grand-daughter

nepino

neh-pee'no

grandfather

avo

ah'vo

grandmother

avino

ah-vee'no

grandson

nepo

neh'po

husband

edzo

ehd'zo

lady, Mrs.

sinjorino

seen-yohr-ee'no

man, a

viro

vee'ro

man (human being)

homo

ho'mo

marriage

edziĝo

ed-zee'jo

mother

patrino

pah-tree'no

mother-in-law

bopatrino

bo-pah-tree'no

nephew

nevo

neh'vo

niece

nevino

neh-vee'no

parents

gepatroj

gheh-pah'troy

people, the

la popolo

lah po-po'lo

person

persono

pehr-so'no

single man, bachelor

fraŭlo

frahw'lo

single woman, young lady, Miss

fraŭlino

frahw-lee'no

sister

fratino

frah-tee'no

sister-in-law

bofratino

bo-frahtee'no

son

filo

fee'lo

step-son

duonfilo

doo-ohn-fee'lo

uncle

onklo

ohn'klo

widow

vidvino

vid-vee'no

widower

vidvo

veed'vo

wife

edzino

ed-zee'no

woman

virino

veeree'no

11. The Human Body.
(La Homa Korpo).

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Abdomen

ventro

vehn'tro

ankle

maleolo

mah-leh-o'lo

arm

brako

brah'ko

back

dorso

dohrr'so

beard

barbo

bahrr'bo

blood

sango

sahn'go

body

korpo

kohrr'po

bone

osto

oh'sto

bowels

intestoj

intess'toy

brain

cerbo

tsehrr'bo

cheek

vango

vahn'go

chest

brusto

broo'sto

chin

mentono

men-toh'no

complexion

vizaĝkoloro

veezahj'ko-lohr'o

ear

orelo

o-reh'lo

elbow

kubuto

kooboo'toh

eye

okulo

o-koo'lo

eyebrow

brovo

bro'vo

eyelid

palpebro

pahlpeh'bro

face

vizaĝo

vee-zah'jo

finger

fingro

feen'gro

foot

piedo

pee-eh'doh

forehead

frunto

froon'toh

hair, a; hair, -s

haro; la haroj

ha'ro; la hah'roy

hand

mano

mah'no

head

kapo

kah'po

heart

koro

ko'ro

heel

kalkano

kahlkah'no

kidneys

renoj

reh'noy

knee

genuo

gheh-noo'oh

leg

kruro

kroo'ro

limb

membro

mehm'bro

lip

lipo

lee'po

liver

hepato

heh-pah'toh

lungs

pulmoj

pool'moy

moustache

lipharoj

leep-hah'roy

mouth

buŝo

boo'sho

nail

ungo

oon'go

neck

kolo

ko'lo

nose

nazo

nah'zo

shoulder

ŝultro

shool'tro

side

flanko

flahn'ko

skin

haŭto

hahw'toh

spine

spino

spee'no

stomach

stomako

sto-mah'ko

temple

tempio

tehmpee'oh

throat

gorĝo

gohrr'jo

thumb

dika fingro

dee'kah feen'gro

toe

piedfingro

pee-ehd-feen'gro

tongue

lango

lahn'go

tooth

dento

dehn'toh

whiskers

vangharoj

vahng-hah'roy

wrist

karpeo

kahrr-peh'o

12. Physical & Mental Powers, Qualities, etc.
(Korpaj kaj Mensaj Kapabloj, Ecoj, k.t.p.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Age

aĝo

ah'jo

—, old

maljuneco

mahl-yoon-eht'so

anger

kolero

ko-leh'ro

art

arto

ahrr'toh

breadth, width

larĝeco

lahrr-jeht'so

character

karaktero

kar-ahk-teh'ro

childhood

infaneco

infahn-eht'so

depth

profundeco

pro-foon-deht'so

dislike

malameti

mah-lah-meh'tee

emotions

emocioj

eh-moht-see'oy

fear

timo

tee'mo

foolishness, folly

malsaĝeco

mahl-sah-jeht'so

gentleness

mildeco

meel-deht'so

goodness

boneco

bo-neht'so

greatness

grandeco

grahn-deht'so

hatred

malamo

mahl-ah'mo

height

grandeco

grahn-deht'so

stature

staturo

stah-too'ro

honesty; dishonesty

honesteco; mal-

honest-eht'so; mahl-

honour; dishonour

honoro; mal-

ho-noh'ro; mahl-

intellect

intelekto

intelehk'toh

intelligence

inteligenteco

intehlee-ghen-teht'so

joy

ĝojo

joh'yo

judgment (faculty)

juĝkapablo

yooj'kah-pah'blo

knowledge

scio

stsee'oh

laughter; a laugh

ridado; rido

ree-dah'doh; ree'doh

learning

klereco

klehr-eht'so

length

longeco

lohn-geht'so

love

amo

ah'mo

manhood

vireco

veer-eht'so

mind

menso

mehn'so

patience

pacienco

paht-see-ehnt'so

pleasure

plezuro

pleh-zoor'o

politeness, courtesy

ĝentileco

jehn-tee-leht'so

reason (faculty)

prudento

proo-dehn'toh

science

scienco

stsee-ehnt'so

senses, the

la sentoj

lah sehn'toy

feeling, touch

palpado

pahl-pah'doh

hearing

aŭdado

ahw-dah'doh

seeing, sight

vidado

vee-dah'doh

smelling, smell

flarado

flah-rah'do

tasting, taste

gustumado

goostoom-ah'doh

shape

formo

fohrr'mo

size

amplekso

ahm-plek'so

smell (odour)

odoro

oh-doh'ro

smiling; a smile

ridetado; rideto

reedehtah'do; reedeh'toh

sneezing; a sneeze

ternado; terno

tehrr-nah'doh; tehrr'no

sorrow

malĝojo

mahl-jo'yo

speaking, speech

parolado

pah-ro-lah'doh

strength

forteco

fohrr-teht'so

stupidity

stulteco

stool-teht'so

surprise

surprizo

soorr-pree'zo

taste (of a thing)

gusto

goos'toh

thickness

dikeco

dee-keht'so

thinking, thought

pensado

pehn-sah'doh

thought, a

penso

pehn'so

voice

voĉo

vo'cho

weakness (quality)

malforteco

mahl-fohrr-teht'so

wisdom

saĝo

sah'jo

womanhood

virineco

vee-ree-neht'so

youth (quality)

juneco

yoo-neht'so

13. Health.
(La Sano.)

(For Conversations see p. 105.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Accident

akcidento

ahkt-see-dehn'toh

ambulance

ambulanco

ahm-boo-lahnt'so

bandage

bandaĝo

bahn-dah'jo

biliousness

galmalsano

gahl-mahl-sah'no

blister

veziketo

veh-zee-keh'toh

bruise

kontuzo

kon-too'zo

burn

brulvundo

brool-voon'doh

chemist's (shop)

apoteko

ahpo-teh'ko

chilblain

frostabsceso

frohst-ahbs-tseh'so

chill, cold

malvarmumo

mahl-vahr-moo'mo

contagion

kontaĝio

kon-tahjee'o

corns

kaloj

kah'loy

cough

tuso

too'so

cramp

krampfo

krahmp'fo

dentist

dentisto

dehn-tis'toh

diarrhœa

lakso

lahk'so

diet

dieto

dee-eht'o

disease, illness

malsano

mahl-sah'no

doctor

kuracisto

koo-raht-sis'toh

dysentery

disenterio

dis-ehn-teh-ree'o

exercise

ekzercado

ek-zehrt-sah'do

exhaustion

ellaciĝo

ellaht-see'jo

to faint

sveni

sveh'nee

fainting

sveno

sveh'no

fever

febro

feh'bro

fit

atako (epilepsia)

ah-tah'ko (eh-peelep-see'ah)

fracture

ostrompo

ost-rohm'po

gout

podagro

po-dah'gro

headache

kapdoloro

kahp-dolohr'o

hospital

hospitalo

hospit-ah'lo

ill, sick

malsana

mahl-sah'nah

indigestion

dispepsio

dis-pep-see'o

inflammation

inflamo

inflah'mo

lame

lama

lah'ma

medicine

medicino

med-eet-see'no

nurse

flegistino

fleh-ghis-tee'no

ointment

ungvento

oong-vehn'toh

operation

operacio

oh-peh-raht-see'o

pain

doloro

doh-lohr'o

paralysis

paralizo

pa-rah-lee'zo

physician

medicinisto

mehdit-seen-eest'o

pill

pilolo

pee-lo'lo

poison

veneno

veh-neh'no

poultice

kataplasmo

kah-tah-plahs'mo

prescription

recepto

reht-sep'toh

rest

ripozado

ree-po-zah'doh

scald

brogo

broh'go

sea-sickness

marmalsano

mahr-mahl-sah'no

sprain

tordvundo

tohrd-voon'doh

sting

pikvundo

peek-voon'doh

tonic

stimulilo

stimoolee'lo

unwell, to be

farti malbone

fahrr'tee mahlbo'neh

well, to be

farti bone

fahrr'tee bo'neh

wound

vundo

voon'doh

14. Food & Drink.
(Manĝaĵoj kaj Trinkaĵoj.)

(For Conversations see pp. 102–105.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Appetite

apetito

ah-peh-tee'toh

beverages

trinkaĵoj

trin-kah'zhoy

beer

biero

bee-ehr'o

chocolate

ĉokolado

cho-ko-lah'doh

cocoa

kakao

kah-kah'o

coffee

kafo

kah'fo

lemonade

citronakvo

tsee-trohn-ahk'vo

milk

lakto

lahk'toh

soda water

sodakvo

sohd-ahk'vo

tea

teo

teh'o

water

akvo

ahk'vo

wine

vino

vee'no

bill-of-fare

manĝokarto

mahn'jo-kahr'toh

biscuits

biskvitoj

bisk-vee'toy

bread

pano

pah'no

brown bread

bruna pano

broo'nah pah'no

new bread

freŝa pano

freh'shah pah'no

stale bread

malfreŝa pano

mahl-freh'shah pah'no

rolls

bulkoj

bool'koy

hot roll

varma bulko

vahr'mah bool'ko

boiled

bolkuirita

bohl'koo-eeree'tah

bottle

botelo

boh-teh'lo

butter

butero

boo-tehr'o

cake

kuko

koo'ko

cheese

fromaĝo

fro-mah'jo

chicken

kokidaĵo

koh-keed-ah'zho

cinnamon

cinamo

tsee-nah'mo

cooked; un-

kuirita; ne-

koo-eeree'tah; neh-

cream

kremo

kreh'mo

custard

flano

flah'no

dessert

deserto

deh-sehr'toh

eggs

ovoj

oh'voy

fish, dried

sekigita fiŝo

seh-kee-ghee'tah fee'sho

—, fresh

freŝa fiŝo

freh'shah fee'sho

flour

faruno

fah-roo'no

fowl

kokaĵo

koh-kah'zho

fruits

fruktoj

frook'toy

ginger

zingibro

zin-ghee'bro

honey

mielo

mee-eh'lo

hunger

malsato

mahl-sah'toh

ice, an

glaciaĵo

glahtsee-ah'zho

jam, preserve

konfitaĵo

konfee-tah'zho

marmalade

marmelado

mahr-meh-lah'do

meals

manĝoj

mahn'joy

breakfast

matenmanĝo

maht-ehn-mahn'jo

dinner

ĉefmanĝo

chehf-mahn'jo

luncheon

lunĉo

loon'cho

tea

teomanĝo

teh'o-mahn'jo

supper

vespermanĝo

vespehr-mahn'jo

meat

viando

vee-ahn'doh

bacon

lardo

lahr'doh

beef

bovaĵo

bo-vah'zho

beefsteak

bifsteko

beef-steh'ko

fat

graso

grah'so

ham

ŝinko

sheen'ko

kidneys

renoj

reh'noy

lamb

ŝafidaĵo

shah-feedah'zho

lean

malgraso

mahl-grah'so

mutton

ŝafaĵo

shah-fah'zho

mutton cutlet

ŝafkotletoj

shahf'kot-leh'toy

pork

porkaĵo

pohrr-kah'zho

sausage

kolbaso

kohl-bah'so

veal

bovidaĵo

bo-veed-ah'zho

mustard

mustardo

moos-tahr'doh

oil

oleo

o-leh'o

omelet, an

omeleto

oh-meh-leh'toh

pancake

krespo

kreh'spo

pastry

kukaĵoj

koo-kah'zhoy

pepper

pipro

pee'pro

pie

pasteĉo

pahs-teh'cho

poultry

kortbirdaĵo

kort-beerr-dah'zho

pudding

pudingo

poo-deen'go

rice

rizo

ree'zo

roast(ed)

rostita

roh-stee'tah

salad

salato

sah-laht'o

salt

salo

sah'lo

sauce, gravy

saŭco

sahwt'so

smoking

fumado

foo-mah'doh

cigar

cigaro

tsee-gahr'o

cigarette

cigaredo

tsee-gahr-eh'doh

matches

alumetoj

ahloo-meh'toy

pipe

pipo

pee'po

tobacco

tabako

tah-bah'ko

tobacco-pouch

tabakujo

tah-bah-koo'yo

soup

supo

soo'po

sugar

sukero

soo-kehr'o

sweets

dolĉaĵoj

dohl-chah'zhoy

thirst

soifo

so-eef'o

toothpick

dentpurigilo

dent'pooree-ghee'lo

under-done

ne elkuirita

neh elkoo-eeree'tah

vegetables

legomoj

leh-go'moy

vinegar

vinagro

vee-nah'gro

well-done

elkuirita

el-koo-eeree'tah

15. Cooking & Table Utensils.
(Kuiraj kaj Manĝaj Iloj.)

(For Conversations See pp. 102–105.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Basin

pelvo

pehl'vo

coffee-pot

kafpoto

kahf-po'toh

corkscrew

korktirilo

kork-teeree'lo

cruet-stand

kondimentujo

kondimehntoo'yo

cup

taso

tah'so

decanter

karafo

kah-rah'fo

dish

plado

plah'do

dish-cover

pladkovrilo

plahd'ko-vree'lo

filter

filtrilo

fil-tree'lo

fork

forko

fohrr'ko

frying-pan

pato

pah'toh

glass, tumbler

glaso

glah'so

grill

rostokrado

ro'sto-krah'doh

jug

kruĉo

kroo'cho

kettle

bolilo

bo-lee'lo

knife

tranĉilo

trahn-chee'lo

lid

kovrilo

ko-vree'lo

mat

mato

mah'toh

nut-crackers

nuksrompilo

nooks-rompee'lo

oven

bakforno

bahk-fohr'no

plate

telero

teleh'ro

salt-cellar

salujo

sah-loo'yo

saucepan

kaserolo

kah-sehr-oh'lo

saucer

tastelero

tahss-teleh'ro

serviette

buŝtuko

boosh-too'ko

(soup-)ladle

(sup)kulerego

(soop')koo-lehr-eh'go

spoon

kulero

koo-leh'ro

stove

forno

fohrr'no

strainer

kribrokulero

kree'bro-koo-leh'ro

table-cloth

tablotuko

tah'blo-too'ko

teapot

te-poto

teh-po'toh

tea-spoon

te-kulero

teh-kooleh'ro

tray

pleto

pleh'toh

water-bottle

akvokarafo

ahk'vo-karah'fo

wine-glass

vinglaso

veen-glah'so

16. Dress & the Toilet.
(La Vestoj kaj la Tualeto.)

(See also Washing List, following, and Conversations pp. 108–112.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Bath

bano

bah'no

bodice

korsaĵo

kor-sah'zho

bonnet

kufo

koo'fo

bootlaces

laĉoj

lah'choy

boots

botoj

bo'toy

bow

banto

bahn'toh

bracelet

braceleto

braht-seh-leht'o

braces

ŝelko

shehl'ko

breeches

pantaloneto

pahn-tah-lo-neh'toh

brooch

broĉo

bro'cho

brush

broso

bro'so

brush, clothes-

vestbroso

vest-bro'so

—, nail-

ungobroso

oon'go-bro'so

—, tooth-

dentbroso

dent-bro'so

buckle

buko

boo'ko

button

butono

boo-to'no

button-hook

butontirilo

boo-tohn'tee-ree'lo

cap

ĉapeto

cha-peh'toh

cloak

mantelo

mahn-teh'lo

clothing, dress

vestaĵo

vestah'zho

coat

vesto

veh'sto

comb

kombilo

kohm-bee'lo

corsets, stays

korseto

kor-seh'toh

dress, gown

robo

ro'bo

evening dress

frako

frah'ko

eye-glasses

nazumo

na-zoo'mo

frock-coat

redingoto

red-ingo'toh

gaiters

gamaŝoj

gah-mah'shoy

garters

ŝtrumpligiloj

shtroom-plee-ghee'loy

gloves

gantoj

gahn'toy

hairpin

harpinglo

har-peen'glo

hat

ĉapelo

chahpeh'lo

hatpin

ĉapelpinglo

chapehl-peen'glo

jacket

jako

yah'ko

jewellery

juveloj

yoo-veh'loy

knot

nodo

no'do

linen

tolaĵo

to-lah'zho

lining

subŝtofo

soob-shtoh'fo

looking-glass, mirror

spegulo

speh-goo'lo

material (dress, etc.)

ŝtofo

shtoh'fo

calico

kalikoto

kahlee-ko'toh

cloth

drapo

drah'po

cotton

katuno

kahtoo'no

crape

krepo

kreh'po

flannel

flanelo

flahneh'lo

flannelette

flaneleto

flahneh-leh'toh

fur

pelto

pehl'toh

lace

punto

poon'toh

leather

ledo

leh'doh

linen

tolo

toh'lo

muslin

muslino

mooss-lee'no

print

katuno

kahtoo'no

satin

atlaso

ahtlah'so

silk

silko

seel'ko

velvet

veluro

vel-oor'o

velveteen

felpo

fehl'po

wool

lano

lah'no

morning-coat

ĵako

zhah'ko

muff

mufo

moo'fo

needle

kudrilo

koo-dree'lo

overcoat

palto

pahl'toh

parasol

sunombrelo

soon-ombreh'lo

petticoat

subjupo

soob-yoo'po

pins

pingloj

peen'gloy

pocket

poŝo

po'sho

pocket-book

poŝlibro

pohsh-lee'bro

purse

monujo

mo-noo'yo

razor

razilo

rahzee'lo

ribbon

rubando

roo-bahn'doh

ring

ringo

reen'go

scissors

tondilo

tohndee'loh

sewing-cotton

kotonfadeno

ko-tohn'fah-deh'no

sewing-silk

silkfadeno

silk-fahdeh'no

shawl

ŝalo

shah'lo

shoe-horn

ŝukorno

shoo-kohr'no

shoes

ŝuoj

shoo'oy

skirt

jupo

yoo'po

sleeve

maniko

mah-nee'ko

slippers

pantofloj

pahn-toh'floy

soap

sapo

sah'po

spectacles

okulvitroj

okool-vee'troy

sponge

spongo

spohn'go

stud

kolumbutono

koloom'boo-toh'no

suit (clothes)

kompleto

kom-pleh'toh

tape

rubandeto

roobahn-deh'toh

thimble

fingringo

fin-green'go

thread

fadeno

fah-deh'no

tie, neck-tie

kravato

krah-vah'toh

tooth-powder

dentpulvoro

dent-pool-vo'ro

trousers

pantalono

pahn-tahlo'no

tunic

tuniko

too-nee'ko

umbrella

pluvombrelo

ploov-ombreh'lo

veil

vualo

voo-ah'lo

waistcoat

veŝto

vesh'toh

walking-stick

irbastono

eer-bah-sto'no

watch

poŝhorloĝo

pohsh-horlo'jo

waterproof (coat)

pluvmantelo

ploov-mahn-teh'lo

17. Washing List.
(Lavlisto.)

(For Conversations see p. 111.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Aprons

antaŭtukoj

ahn'tahw-too'koy

blankets

lanaj litkovriloj

lah'nahy leet'ko-vree'loy

blouses

bluzoj

bloo'zoy

bodices

korsaĵoj

kohr-sah'zhoy

chemises

ĉemizoj virinaj

cheh-mee'zoy vee-reen'ahy

collars, lace

puntaj kolumoj

poon'tahy ko-loo'moy

collars, linen

tolaj kolumoj

to'lahy ko-loo'moy

combinations

kombinaĵoj

kom-been-ah'zhoy

cuffs

manumoj

mah-noo'moy

drawers, pairs of

kalsonoj

kahl-so'noy

dresses

roboj

ro'boy

dressing-gowns

negliĝroboj

neh-gleej-ro'boy

dusters

viŝtukoj

veesh-too'koy

handkerchiefs, pocket

naztukoj

nahz-too'koy

—, silk

silkaj naztukoj

seel'kahy nahz-too'koy

napkins (child's)

tuketoj

tookeh'toy

neckties

kravatoj

krahvah'toy

night-shirts, -dresses

noktoĉemizoj

nok'toh-cheh-mee'zoy

flannel petticoats

flanelaj subjupoj

flaneh'lahy soobyoo'poy

pillow-cases

kapkuseningoj

kahp'koo-seh-neen'goy

pinafores

antaŭtuketoj

ahn'tahw-too-keh'toy

pyjamas (suits)

piĝamoj

pee-jah'moy

serviettes

buŝtukoj

boosh-too'koy

sheets

littukoj

leet-too'koy

shirts

ĉemizoj viraj

cheh-mee'zoy veer'ahy

sleeves

manikoj

mah-nee'koy

socks

ŝtrumpetoj

shtroom-peh'toy

stockings

ŝtrumpoj

shtroom'poy

silk stockings

silkaj ŝtrumpoj

seel'kahy shtroom'poy

table-cloths

tablotukoj

tah'blo-too'koy

towels

manviŝiloj

mahn-vee-shee'loy

under-vests

kamizoloj

kah-mee-zo'loy

waistcoats

veŝtoj

vesh'toy

—, flannel

flanelaj veŝtoj

fla-neh'lahy vesh'toy

18. The House and Furniture.
(La Domo kaj la Meblaro.)

(For Shopping see p. 108.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Ante-room

antaŭĉambro

ahn'tahw-chahm'bro

armchair

brakseĝo

brahk-seh'jo

ashes

cindro

tseen'dro

ash-pan

cindrujo

tsin-droo'yo

attic

mansardo

mahn-sahrr'doh

basket

korbo

kohrr'bo

bathroom

banĉambro

bahn-chahm'bro

bedstead, bed

lito

lee'toh

bedroom

dormoĉambro

dohr'mo-chahm'bro

bell

sonorilo

so-no-ree'lo

blind

rulkurteno

rool-koor-teh'no

bolster

transkuseno

trahns-koo-seh'no

bolt

riglilo

reeglee'lo

book

libro

lee'bro

book-case

libroŝranko

lee'bro-shrahn'ko

book-shelf

librobreto

lee'bro-breh'toh

box

skatolo

skah-toh'lo

bracket

krampobreto

krahmpo-breh'toh

brick

briko

bree'ko

broom

balailo

ba-la-ee'lo

burner

flamingo

flah-meen'go

candle

kandelo

kahn-deh'lo

candlestick

kandelingo

kahn-deh-leen'go

carpet

tapiŝo

tah-pee'sho

ceiling

plafono

plah-fo'no

cellar

kelo

keh'lo

chair, seat

seĝo

seh'jo

chamber-utensil

necesujo

neht-seh-soo'yo

chandelier, lustre

lustro

loo'stro

chest of drawers

tirkestaro

teer'kest-ah'ro

clock

horloĝo

hohrr-lo'jo

coals

karbo

kahrr'bo

couch

kanapo

kah-nah'po

counterpane

litkovrilo

leet'ko-vree'lo

court-yard

korto

kohr'toh

cradle

lulilo

loo-lee'lo

cupboard

ŝranko

shrahn'ko

curtain

kurteno

koor-teh'no

cushion

kuseno

koo-seh'no

dining-room

manĝoĉambro

mahn'jo-chahm'bro

dinner-waggon

telertablo

telehr-tah'blo

door

pordo

pohrr'doh

door-handle

anso

ahn'so

drawing-room

akcepta salono

ahk-tsep'tah sah-lo'no

dresser

telermeblo

telehr-meh'blo

feather-bed

plumlito

ploom-lee'toh

fender

fajrbarilo

fire-bah-ree'lo

fire

fajro

fah'y-ro (fire-oh)

fire-place

fajrejo

fahy-reh'yo

flame

flamo

flah'mo

floor

planko

plahn'ko

floor, story

etaĝo

ehtah'jo

footstool

skabelo

skah-beh'lo

furniture, piece of

meblo

meh'blo

garden

ĝardeno

jahr-deh'no

gas

gaso

gah'so

gas-bracket

gas-brako

gahss-brah'ko

grate

fajrujo

fahy-roo'yo

hall (entrance)

vestiblo

vestee'blo

hand-basin

lavujo

lah-voo'yo

(hearth-)rug

(kamen)tapiŝeto

(kah-mehn') tah-pee-sheh'toh

house

domo

doh'mo

key

ŝlosilo

shlo-see'lo

kitchen

kuirejo

koo-ee-reh'yo

lamp

lampo

lahm'po

landing

etaĝ-placeto

ehtahj'plaht'seh'toh

larder

manĝaĵejo

mahn-jah-zheh'yo

latch

levriglilo

lehv-reeglee'lo

library

biblioteko

bib-lee-o-teh'ko

linoleum

linolo

lee-no'lo

lock

seruro

seh-roo'ro

mantel-piece

kamenbreto

kah-mehn'breh'toh

mat

mato

mah'toh

mattress

matraco

maht-raht'so

oil-cloth

vakstolo

vahks-toh'lo

ornament

ornamo

ohr-nah'mo

passage

trairejo

trah-eer-eh'yo

piano

fortepiano

fohrr-teh-pee-ah'no

picture

bildo

beel'doh

pillow

kapkuseno

kahp'koo-seh'no

poker

fajrincitilo

fire-int-sit-ee'lo

porch

portiko

pohr-tee'ko

rack (for dishes, &c.)

raŭfo

rahw'fo

roof

tegmento

teg-mehn'toh

room

ĉambro

chahm'bro

screen

skreno

skreh'no

scullery

vazlavejo

vahz'lah-veh'yo

shovel

ŝovelilo

sho-veh-lee'lo

sideboard

bufedo

boo-feh'do

sink

pladlavujo

plahd-lah-voo'yo

smoke

fumo

foo'mo

sofa

sofo

so'fo

soot

fulgo

fool'go

spark

fajrero

fahy-reh'ro

staircase

ŝtuparo

shtoo-pahr'o

stairs, steps

la ŝtupoj

lah shtoo'poy

suite (of rooms)

apartamento

ahpahrr-tah-mehn'toh

table

tablo

tah'blo

tapestry

tapeto

tah-peh'toh

tile (of roof)

tegolo

teh-go'lo

umbrella-stand

ombrelujo

ohm-breh-loo'yo

vase

vazo

vah'zo

wall

muro

moo'ro

wall-paper

murpapero

moor-pa-peh'roh

water-closet (w.c.)

necesejo

neht-seh-seh'yo

window

fenestro

fen-eh'stro

writing-desk

pupitro

poo-pee'tro

19. Travelling: By Road & Rail.
(La Vojaĝado: per Vojo kaj Fervojo.)

(For Conversations, see p. 95.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Arrival

alveno

ahl-veh'no

bill

kalkulo

kahl-koo'lo

booking-office

biletejo

beeleht-eh'yo

box (of carriage)

kondukseĝo

kondook-seh'jo

brake

bremso

brehm'so

bridle

brido

bree'doh

cabman, coachman

veturigisto

vehtoo-ree-ghist'o

carriage

kaleŝo

kahleh'sho

change, to

vagonŝanĝi

vah-gohn-shahn'jee

cloak-room

deponejo

deh-po-neh'yo

coach

diliĝenco

dee-lee-jehnt'so

coffee-room

kafejo

kah-feh'yo

communication-cord

danĝerŝnuro

dahn-jehr-shnoor'o

compartment

kupeo

koo-peh'o

conductor

konduktoro

kon-dooktoh'ro

cushion

kuseno

koo-seh'no

custom-house

dogano

doh-gah'no

custom-house officer

doganisto

doh-gah-nist'o

departure

ekveturo

ek-vehtoo'ro

electric, electrical

elektra

eh-lehk'tra

electricity

elektro

eh-lehk'tro

embankment (rail.)

taluso

tah-loo'so

engine

lokomotivo

lo-komo-tee'vo

entrance

enirejo

eneer-eh'yo

excursion

ekskurso

eks-koorr'so

exit

elirejo

ehleer-eh'yo

express (train)

ekspreso

eks-preh'so

fare

veturprezo

vehtoor-preh'zo

fast train

rapidira vagonaro

rahpee-dee'rah vahgo-nah'ro

foot-warmer

piedvarmigilo

pee-ehd'vahrmee-ghee'lo

full

plena

pleh'na

guide

gvidisto

gvee-dist'o

guide-book

gvidlibro

gveed'lee'bro

hansom-cab

fiakro

fee-ah'kro

hat-box

ĉapelujo

chah-peh-loo'yo

hotel

hotelo

ho-teh'lo

inside (of vehicle)

interno

in-tehr'no

interpreter

interpretisto

intehr-preh-tist'o

journey

vojaĝo

vo-yah'jo

journey (train, etc.)

veturo

vehtoo'ro

junction

vojkuniĝo

voy'koonee'jo

key

ŝlosilo

shlo-see'lo

label

etikedo

eh-tikeh'doh

landlady

mastrino

mah-stree'no

landlord

mastro

mah'stro

lavatory

lavejo

lah-veh'yo

lodging

loĝejo

lo-jeh'yo

luggage

pakaĵoj

pah-kah'zhoy

motor

motoro

mo-tohr'o

motor 'bus

motorbuso

mo-tohr-boo'so

motor-car

aŭtomobilo

ahw-toh-mo-bee'lo

omnibus

omnibuso

omnee-boo'so

outside (of vehicle)

imperialo

impeh-ree-ah'lo

package

pakaĵo

pah-kah'zho

payment

pago

pah'go

platform

fervoja perono

fehr-vo'yah peh-ro'no

porter

portisto

pohr-tist'o

portmanteau

valizo

vah-lee'zo

rack (for parcels, &c.)

raŭfo

rah'w-fo

railway

fervojo

fehr-vo'jo

railway-carriage

vagono

vah-go'no

railway-station

fervoja stacio

fehr-vo'yah staht-see'oh

receipt

kvitanco

kvitahnt'so

reins

kondukiloj, gvidrimenoj

kondoo-kee'loy, gveed'ri-meh'noy

reserved

rezervita

rehzehr-vee'ta

rug

tegilo

teh-ghee'lo

saddle

selo

seh'lo

seat

loko

lo'ko

signal

signalo

seeg-nah'lo

start, the

la ekveturo

la ek-veh-too'ro

station-master

staciestro

staht-see-est'ro

strap

rimeno

ree-meh'no

terminus

finstacio

feen-staht-see'oh

ticket

bileto

beeleh'toh

time-table

veturhoraro

vehtoor'horah'ro

tour

rondvojaĝo

rohnd-voyah'jo

tourist

turist-o, -ino

toor-ist'o, -ee'no

track

relvojo

rehl-vo'yo

train

vagonaro

vah-go-nah'ro

tram-car

tramveturilo

trahm'vehtoor-ee'lo

tramway

tramvojo

trahm-vo'yo

travel, to (train, &c.)

veturi

vehtoo'ree

trunk

kofro

ko'fro

tube (railway)

tubfervojo

toob-fehr-vo'yo

tunnel

tunelo

too-neh'lo

underground

subtera

soob-teh'rah

valise, hand-bag

valizeto

vah-leezeh'toh

waiter

kelnero

kel-nehr'o

waiting-room

atendejo

ahtehn-deh'yo

20. Travelling: by Ship.
(Marveturado.)

(For Conversations see p. 97.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Alongside, to come

albordiĝi

ahlbohrdee'jee

anchor

ankro

ahn'kro

berth

dormujo

dorr-moo'yo

boat

boato

bo-ah'toh

boiler

kaldrono

kahl-dro'no

bow

antaŭo

antah'wo

buoy

buo

boo'oh

cabin

kajuto

kah-yoo'toh

cable

kablo

kah-blo

captain

kapitano

kahpee-tah'no

compass

kompaso

kom-pah'so

crane

argano

ahrrgah'no

crew

ŝipanaro

sheepah-nah'ro

deck

ferdeko

fehr-deh'ko

disembark

elŝipiĝi

el-shipee'jee

dock

doko

do'ko

to embark

enŝipiĝi

en-shipee'jee

engineer

maŝinisto

mahshee-nist'o

fishing-boat

fiŝbarko

feesh-bahr'ko

flag

flago

flah'go

gangway

pasponteto

pahss'pon-teh'toh

harbour, port

haveno

hahveh'no

helm, rudder

direktilo

deerek-tee'lo

hold

holdo

hohl'do

to land

surteriĝi

soortehr-ee'jee

landing-stage, pier

enŝipiĝejo

en-shipee-jeh'yo

life-belt

savzono

sahv-zo'no

life-boat

savŝipo

sahv-shee'po

lighthouse

lumturo

loom-toor'o

mast

masto

mah'sto

oar

remilo

reh-mee'lo

paddle-wheel

padelrado

pah-dehl-rah'doh

passenger

pasaĝero

pah-sah-jehr'o

pilot

piloto

pee-loh'toh

port-hole

fenestreto

fehneh-streh'toh

quay

kajo

kah'yo

rope

ŝnuro

shnoor'o

sail

velo

veh'lo

sailing-ship

velŝipo

vehl-shee'po

saloon, first class

unua klaso

oonoo'ah klah'so

screw-propeller

pelŝraŭbo, helico

pehl-shrahw'bo, heh-leet'so

seaman, sailor

maristo

mahr-ist'o

ship

ŝipo

shee'po

start, to

ekveturi

ek-vehtoor'ee

steam-boat, -ship

vaporŝipo

vahpohr-shee'po

steerage, third class

tria klaso

tree'ah klah'so

steersman

direktilisto

deerek-tee-list'o

stern

posto

post'o

steward

provizisto

pro-vee-zist'o

stewardess

servistino

sehr-vis-tee'no

tug

trenŝipo

trehn-shee'po

voyage

vojaĝo

vo-yah'jo

21. Countries & Nations.4
(Landoj kaj Nacioj.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Africa

Afriko

ah-free'ko

America

Ameriko

ah-mehree'ko

American

Amerikano

ah-mehree-kah'no

Asia

Azio

ah-zee'oh

Australia

Aŭstralio

ahw-strahlee'oh

Austria

Aŭstrio

ahw-stree'oh

Belgium

Belgujo

belhgoo'yo

Canada

Kanado

kahnah'doh

China

Ĥinujo

kh

eenoo'yo

Chinese, the

la Ĥinoj

la

kh

ee'noy

Denmark

Danujo

dahnoo'yo

Dutchman

Holandano

holahn-dah'no

empire

imperio

impeh-ree'oh

England

Anglujo

ahn-gloo'yo

English, the

la Angloj

la ahn'gloy

Englishman

Anglo

ahn'glo

Europe

Eŭropo

ehw-ro'po

France

Francujo

frahnt-soo'yo

French, the

la Francoj

la frahnt'soy

Frenchman

Franco

frahnt'so

German

Germano

ghehrr-mah'no

Germany

Germanujo

ghehrr-mahnoo'yo

Holland

Holando

holahn'doh

India

Indio

indee'oh

Ireland

Irlando

eerrlahn'doh

Irish, the

la Irlandanoj

la eerrlahn-dah'noy

Irishman

Irlandano

eerlahn-dah'no

Italian

Italo

eetah'lo

Italy

Italujo

eetahloo'yo

Japan

Japanujo

yah-pahnoo'yo

Japanese, the

la Japanoj

la yahpah'noy

kingdom

regno

rehg'no

Norway

Norvegujo

norrveh-goo'yo

republic

respubliko

rehspooblee'ko

Russia

Rusujo

roosoo'yo

Scotland

Skotujo

sko-too'yo

Scotch, the

la Skotoj

la sko'toy

Scotchman

Skoto

sko'to

Spain

Hispanujo

hispah-noo'yo

United States, the

la Unuigitaj Ŝtatoj

la oonooee-ghee'tahy shtah'toy

Sweden

Svedujo

svehdoo'yo

Switzerland

Svisujo

svisoo'yo

Turkey

Turkujo

toorkoo'yo

Wales

Kimrujo

kimroo'yo

Welsh, the

la Kimroj

la kim'roy

22. Recreation and Amusement.
(La Ludado kaj Amuzado.)

(For Conversations see p. 112.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Ball (dance)

balo

bah'lo

balloon

balono

bahloh'no

balloonist

aerostatisto

ah-ehro-stah-tist'o

circus

cirko

tseerr'ko

concert

koncerto

kont-sehr'toh

accompanist

akompanist-o, -ino

ahkompah-nist'o, -ee'no

audience

aŭdantaro

ahwdahn-tah'ro

bass

baso

bah'so

chorus (singers)

ĥoro

kh

oh'ro

conductor

orkestrestro

orkest-rest'ro

instruments

instrumentoj

instroo-mehn'toy

—, brass

latunaj instrumentoj

lah-too'nahy instroo-mehn'toy

—, reed

anĉinstrumentoj

ahnch'instroo-mehn'toy

—, string

kordinstrumentoj

kohrrd'instroomehn'toy

music

muziko

moo-zee'ko

organ

orgeno

ohr-geh'no

pianist

fortepianist-o, -ino

fohr'teh-pee-ahn-ist'o, -een'o

piano

fortepiano

fohr'teh-pee-ah'no

programme

programo

pro-grah'mo

recital

muzika seanco

moozee'kah seh-ahnt'so

recitation

deklamo

deh-klah'mo

seats

benkoj

behn'koy

—, (un)reserved

(ne)rezervitaj lokoj

(neh)rehzehr-vee'tahy lo'koy

singer

kantant-o, -ino

kahntahnt'-o, -een'o

—, (professional)

kantist-o, -ino

kahntist'-o, -een'o

solo; duet

solo; duo

solo; doo'oh

song

kanto

kahn'toh

soprano

soprano

so-prah'no

tenor

tenoro

teh-nohr'o

ticket

bileto

beeleh'toh

violin

violono

vee-ohlo'no

exhibition

ekspozicio

eks-pozit-see'oh

fête

festo

feh'sto

flower-show

flor-ekspozicio

flohr'eks-pozit-see'o

flying machine

aerveturilo

ah-ehr'veh-tooree'lo

limelight-views

lumprojekcioj

loom'pro-yekt-see'oy

museum

muzeo

moo-zeh'o

picture-gallery

bildogalerio

bil'doh-galeh-ree'o

refreshment-room

bufedo

boo-feh'doh

sports and games

sportoj kaj ludoj

spor'toy kahy loo'doy

bathing; to bathe

banado; bani

ba-nah'doh; bah'nee

billiards

bilardo

bilahr'doh

boating, to go

promeni boate

pro-meh'nee bo-ah'teh

box, to

boksi

bok'see

boxing-match

vetbokso

veht-bok'so

chess

ŝako

shah'ko

cricket

kriketo

krikeh'toh

draughts

damoj

dah'moy

fishing

fiŝkaptado

fish'kahptah'doh

to fish

fiŝ-kapti

fish-kahp'tee

to go fishing

iri fiŝkapti

ee'ree fish-kahp'tee

fishing-line

hokfadeno

hohk'fahdeh'no

fishing-net

fiŝreto

fish-reh'toh

fishing-rod

fiŝkaptilo

fish-kahp-tee'lo

hunting; to hunt

ĉasado; ĉasi

chahsah'doh; chah'see

fox-hunt

vulpĉaso

voolp-chah'so

huntsman

ĉasisto

chahsist'o

match

vetludo

veht-loo'doh

playing; to play

ludado; ludi

loo-dah'doh; loo'dee

races

ĉevalkuroj

chehvahl-koo'roy

grand-stand

ĉeftribuno

chehf-triboo'no

jockey

ĵokeo

zho-keh'o

race-course

vetkurejo

veht-koo-reh'yo

rowing; to row

remado; remi

reh-mah'doh; reh'mee

shooting

pafĉasado

pahf-chah-sah'doh

ammunition

municio

moonit-see'o

bullet, ball

kuglo

koo'glo

cartridge

kartoĉo

kahr-toh'cho

game-bag

ĉasosako

chah'so-sah'ko

gun

pafilo

pah-fee'lo

shot

pafaĵo

pah-fah'zho

to shoot

pafi

pah'fee

skating; to skate

glitumado; glitumi

glitoomah'doh; glitoo'mee

spectator

spektatoro

spek-tah-tohr'o

swimming; to swim

naĝado; naĝi

najah'do; nah'jee

tennis

teniso

tehnee'so

to wrestle

lukti

look'tee

tent

tendo

tehn'doh

theatre

teatro

teh-ah'tro

act

akto

ahk'toh

—, to

ludi rolon

loo'dee ro'lohn

actor, actress

aktoro, aktorino

ahktohr'o, ahktoree'no

auditorium

aŭditorio

ahw-ditohr-ee'o

ballet

baleto

baleh'toh

boxes

loĝioj

lo-jee'oy

box-office

lokoficejo

loh'ko-fit-seh'yo

cloak-room

deponejo

dehponeh'yo

comedian

komediisto

komeh-dee-ist'o

curtain

kurteno

koor-teh'no

dance

danco

dahnt'so

dancer

dancist-o, -ino

dahntsist'-o, -een'o

exit

elirejo

ehlee-reh'yo

footlights

planklampoj

plahnk-lahm'poy

gallery

galerio

galeh-ree'o

manager

direktoro

deerektoh'ro

music-hall

muzikhalo

moozeek-ha'lo

opera

opero

opeh'ro

opera-glasses

lorno

lohrr'no

opera-house

operejo

opeh-reh'yo

orchestra, band

orkestro

orkest'ro

pit

partero

pahr-tehr'o

play

teatraĵo

teh-atrah'zho

scene

sceno

stseh'no

scenery (theat.)

scenpentraĵo

stsehn-pentrah'zho

stage

scenejo

stseh-neh'yo

stage-manager

reĝisoro

reh-jee-sohr'o

stalls

foteloj (orkestraj)

fo-teh'loy (orkest'rahy)

23. Cycling.
(Ciklismo.)

(See also Motoring, following, and Conversations pp. 114 to 116.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Accessories

akcesoraĵoj

ahk-tseh-sorah'zhoy

acetylene

acetileno

aht-sehtee-leh'no

axle

akso

ahk'so

back-pedal, to

retropedali

reh'tro-pehdah'lee

ball bearings

kuglokusenoj

koo'glo-koo-seh'noy

bell

tintilo

tin-tee'lo

bicycle

biciklo

bit-see'klo

bolt (screw-)

bolto

bohl'toh

brake

bremso

brehm'so

cement

cemento

tseh-mehn'toh

chain

ĉeno

cheh'no

chainless

senĉena

sen-cheh'nah

chain-regulator

ĉenĝustigilo

chehn'joostig-ee'lo

chain-wheel

granda dentrado

grahn'da dent-rah'doh

clutch

konektumo

kohnek-too'mo

cone

konuso

ko-noo'so

crank

kranko

krahn'ko

crank-pin

krankokejlo

krahn'ko-keh'y-lo

crooked

malrekta

mahlrek'tah

cycle-shop

biciklobutiko

bitsee'klo-boo-tee'ko

cycling race

vetbiciklado

veht'bitsee-klah'doh

cycling track

bicikla dromo

bitsee'klah dro'mo

cyclist

(bi)ciklisto

(bee)tsee-klist'o

lady cyclist

(bi)ciklistino

(bee)tsee-klist-ee'no

cyclometer

ciklometro

tsee-klo-meh'tro

detachable

deprenebla

deh-preneh'blah

dismount, to

deseliĝi

deh-seh-lee'jee

dress-guard

robŝirmilo

rohb'sheer-mee'lo

duster

viŝilo

veeshee'lo

electro-plate, to

nikeli

neekeh'lee

enamel, to

emajli

emah'y-lee

foot-rests

piedapogiloj

pee-ehd'apoh-ghee'loy

foot-step

ŝtupo

shtoo'po

fork

forko

fohr-ko

frame

kadro

kah'dro

free-wheel

libera rado

leebeh'ra rah'doh

free-wheel, to

liberiri

leebeh-ree'ree

friction

frotado

fro-tah'doh

gear

rapidumo

rahpee-doo'mo

high gear

granda rapidumo

grahn'da rahpeedoo'mo

low gear

malgranda rapidumo

mahl-grahn'da rahpee-doo'mo

two-speed gear

du-rapidumo

doo'rahpee-doo'mo

gear-case

ĉenujo

cheh-noo'yo

geared to

kun rapidumo de…

koon rahpeedoo'mo deh

gearing

dentaĵo

dentah'zho

handle-bar

gvidilo

gveedee'lo

handles, grips

tenilo

teh-nee'lo

hub

aksingo

ahk-seen'go

indiarubber

kaŭĉuko

kahw-choo'ko

indiarubber solution

kaŭĉuka solvaĵo

kahw-choo'ka sol-vah'zho

inner tube

interna tubo

intehr'nah too'bo

lamp

lanterno

lantehr'no

lamp-bracket

lanternhoko

lahn-tehrn'ho'ko

lamp-wick

meĉo

meh'cho

light up, to

lumigi

loo-mee'ghee

link

ĉenero

cheh-neh'ro

lubricator

olekapsulo

oleh'kapsoo'lo

lubricator protector

kapsulkovrilo

kapsool'ko-vree'lo

luggage-carrier

pakportilo

pahk'pohr-tee'lo

map

landkarto

lahnd-kar'toh

mount, to

surseliĝi

soor-sehl-ee'jee

mudguard

kotkaptilo

koht-kaptee'lo

nut

ŝraŭbingo

shrahw-been'go

nut, safety-

fiksa ŝraŭbingo

feek'sa shrahw-been'go

oil for burning

lumoleo

loom-oleh'o

—, lubricating

ŝmiroleo

shmeer-oleh'o

oil-can

oleujeto

ohleh-oo-yeh'toh

outer cover

volvaĵo

vohl-vah'zho

pedal

pedalo

peh-dah'lo

pedal-rubber

pedalkaŭĉuko

pedahl'kahw-choo'ko

pedal-brake

pedala bremso

peh-dah'la brehm'so

pneumatic tyre

pneŭmatika bendo

pnehw-matee'ka behn'doh

pump

pumpilo

poom-pee'lo

pump up, to

ŝveligi

shveh-leeg'ee

pump-tube

pumpiltubo

poom-peel-too'bo

to put together, fit up to

munti

moon'tee

rag

ĉifono

chifo'no

repair, to

ripari

ripah'ree

repairing outfit

riparilaro

ripah-ree-lah'ro

ride a bicycle, to

bicikli

bit-see'klee

rim

radrondo

rahd-rohn'doh

rim-brake

radronda bremso

rahd-rohn'da brehm'so

rivet

vinkto

vink'toh

saddle

selo

seh'lo

saddle-bag

selsaketo

sehl'sah-keh'toh

saddle-pillar

selkolono

sehl-kolo'no

screw

ŝraŭbo

shrahw'-bo

screw, to

ŝraŭbi

shrahw'-bee

screw-bolt of chain

ĉenbolto

chehn-bohl'toh

screwdriver

ŝraŭbturnilo

shrahwb-toor-nee'lo

spanner

ŝraŭbilo

shrahw-bee'lo

spokes

radioj

rah-dee'oy

spring

risorto

risohr'toh

start, to

ekiri

ekeer'ee

steer, to

gvidi

gvee'dee

strap

rimeno

reemeh'no

take to pieces, to

malmunti

mahl-moon'tee

tighten up, to

streĉi

streh'chee

toe-clip

piedingo

pee-ehd-een'go

tricycle

triciklo

tritsee'klo

trousers-clip

pantalonpinĉilo

pantalohn'pin-chee'lo

unscrew, to

malŝraŭbi

mahl-shrahw'-bee

valve

valvo

vahl'vo

valve-cap

valvkovrilo

vahlv'ko-vree'lo

valve-tubing

valvtubaĵo

vahlv'too-bah'zho

wheel, back

posta rado

po'stah rah'doh

—, front

antaŭa rado

antah'wah rah'doh

24. Motoring.
(Aŭtomobilismo.)

(See also Cycling above, and Conversations pp. 114 to 116.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Accumulator

akumulatoro

ahkoomoo-lahtohr'o

battery

baterio

bahteh-ree'oh

brake-collar

bremsorubando

brehm'so-roobahn'doh

break down (stop), to

panei

pahneh'ee

cam

kamo

kah'mo

carburator

karburatoro

karboo-rahtohr'o

chain adjustment

ĉenĝustigilo

chehn-joosti-ghee'lo

charge, to

ŝargi

shahr'ghee

chassis

ĉasio

chah-see'oh

chauffeur, driver

veturigisto

vehtoo-reeghist'oh

claw

ungo

oon'go

contact-breaker (trembler)

kontakt-rompilo

kontahkt'-rompee'lo

driving pinion

pelrado

pehl-rah'doh

elbow

kubuto

kooboo'toh

electric motor

elektra motoro

ehlek'tra motohr'o

evaporate, to

vaporiĝi

vahpohr-ee'jee

exhaust

gasforfluo

gahss-fohrfloo'oh

exhaust-box (silencer)

silentigujo

seelehn-tigoo'yo

exhaust-valve

forflua valvo

fohrfloo'ah vahl'vo

feed-pump

nutro-pumpilo

noo'tro-poompee'lo

fill, to

plenigi

plehnee'ghee

flaw

difektaĵo

difek-tah'zho

fly-wheel

inertrado

in-ehrt-rah'doh

garage

remizo

rehmee'zo

gas

gaso

gah'so

generator

generatoro

ghenehrahtohr'o

goggles

okulvitroj

okool-vee'troy

gradient

deklivo

dehklee'vo

handle

tenilo

tehnee'lo

hooter

blekilo

blehkee'lo

horse-power

ĉevalpovo

chehvahl-po'vo

ignition

ignito, ignitigilo

ignee'toh, igniteeghee'lo

leakage

ellaso

el-lah'so

lever

levilo

lehvee'lo

motor

motoro

mohtohr'o

— car

aŭtomobilo

ahwtomobee'lo

— lamp

lanterno

lahn-tehr'no

packing

stupo

stoo'po

petrol

petrolo

pehtro'lo

pressure, high

altpremo

alt-preh'mo

—, low

malaltpremo

mahlalt-preh'mo

rack (lifter)

rako

rah'ko

reservoir, tank

rizervujo

rizehr-voo'yo

reversing lever

irmaligilo

eer'mahleeghee'lo

spare tyre

krom-bendo

krohm-behn'doh

spark

sparko

spahr'ko

sparking-plug

sparkilo

spahrkee'lo

speed, full

plena rapideco

pleh'na rahpideht'so

—, high

granda rapideco

grahn'da rahpideht'so

—, low

malgranda rapideco

mahlgrahn'da rapideht'so

speed-changing gear

rapidŝanĝa mekanismo

rahpeed-shahn'jah mekanis'mo

starting-gear

ekiriga mekanismo

ekeeree'gah mekanees'mo

starting handle

ekirigilo

eh-keereeghee'lo

steering bar

gvidstango

gveed-stahn'go

tap

krano

krah'no

throw into gear, to

konekti

konek'tee

throw out of gear, to

malkonekti

mahlkonek'tee

25. Photography.
(La Fotografarto.)

(For Conversations see p. 117.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Amateur

amatoro

amah-tohr'o

background

fono

fo'no

—, cloth

tola fono

toh'la fo'no

backing paper

fonpapero

fohn-papehr'o

bath, positive

pozitiva bano

pozitee'va bah'no

—, silver

arĝentbano

arjehnt-bah'no

bulb

bulbo

bool'bo

bulging

konveksigo

konvek-see'go

burnisher

polurilo

poloor-ee'lo

cameo

kameo

kameh'o

camera

fotografilo, kamero

foto-grafee'lo, kameh'ro

— bellows

balgo

bahl'go

camera, hand

mankamero

mahnkamehr'o

—, stand

stativkamero

stateev'kamehr'o

cutting moulds

tranĉkalibrilo

trahnch'kalibree'lo

dark-room lamp

ruĝa lanterno

roo'jah lantehr'no

dark slide (double)

kaseto (duobla)

kahseh'toh (doo-oh'bla)

developing

rivelado

reeveh-lah'do

dipper

trempilo

trehm-pee'lo

dishes

kuvetoj

koo-veh'toy

— for developing

rivelkuvetoj

rivehl'koo-veh'toy

— for fixing

fikskuvetoj

fiks-koo-veh'toy

— for toning

tonigbanoj

toh-neeg-bah'noy

draining rack

sekigilo

sekighee'lo

dry plates

sekaj platoj

seh'kahy plah'toy

enlargement

pligrandigo

plee-grandee'go

exposure

espozo

espo'zo

—, snap

momenta espozo

momehn'ta espozo

—, time

daŭra espozo

dahw'rah espo'zo

fade, to

malnetiĝi

mahl-netee'jee

flash lamp

magnezia lumigilo

magneh-zee'ah loomi-ghee'lo

films

filmoj

feel'moy

fixing

fiksado

fik-sah'doh

focus

fokuso

fo-koo'so

focus, to

enfokusigi

enfo-koo-see'ghee

focussing glasses

lupeo

loopeh'o

funnel

funelo

fooneh'lo

glass measure

gradigita mezurilo

gradee-ghee'ta mezoo-ree'lo

half-length

duonlonga

doo-ohn-lohn'gah

half-tone

duontono

doo-ohn-toh'no

intensifying

densigo

den-see'go

iris diaphragm

irisdiafragmo

eereess-dee-afrahg'mo

lens

lenso

lehn'so

—, cap of

lenskovrilo

lehnss-kovree'lo

mount, to

munti

moon'tee

negative

negativo

nehgah-tee'vo

over-exposed

hiperespozita

heepehr-espo-zee'ta

photograph

fotografaĵo

foto-grafah'zho

photographer

fotografisto

foto-grahfist'o

plate

plato

plah'to

plate-holder

platkaseto

plaht-kaseh'toh

plate-lifter

platlevilo

plaht-leh-vee'lo

platinotypes

platinotipoj

plah-teeno-tee'poy

printing

impresi

impreh'see

printing frame

premkaseto

prehm-kaseh'toh

printing-out paper

senrivela papero

sen-reeveh'la papeh'ro

scales and weights

pesilo kaj peziloj

pehsee'loh kahy pehzee'loy

sensitised

impresebla

impreh-seh'blah

shutter

obturatoro

obtoo-rah-tor'o

snap-shot

maldaŭra kapto

mahldahw'rah kahp'toh

speed indicator

daŭrindikilo

dahw'r-indikee'lo

spirit-level

nivelilo

neeveh-lee'lo

spot, stain

makulo

makoo'lo

squeegee

senakvigilo

sen-ahkvee-gee'lo

stand

stativo

statee'vo

transparent

diafana

dee-afah'nah

tripods (twofold)

tripiedo (faldebla)

tree-pee-eh'doh (fahl-deh'bla)

under-exposed

subespozita

soob'espo-zee'tah

varnishing

lakizo

lah-kee'zoh

view-finder

celilo

tseh-lee'lo

vignetting-board

duonombrigilo

doo-ohn'ombrighee'lo

26. Religion.
(Religio.)

(For Conversations, see p. 118.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Absolution

absolvo

absohl'vo

aisle

flanknavo

flahnk-nah'vo

altar

altaro

altah'ro

baptism

bapto

bahp'toh

belfry

sonorilejo

sonoh-reeleh'yo

Bible

Biblio

biblee'oh

breviary

breviero

brehvee-ehr'o

burial

enterigo

entehree'go

cardinal

kardinalo

kar-deenah'lo

cathedral

katedralo

kateh-drah'lo

cemetery

tombejo

tombeh'yo

chapel

kapelo

kahpeh'lo

choir (place)

ĥorejo

kh

oreh'yo

choir (singers)

ĥoro

kh

oh'ro

Christian

kristano

kris-tah'no

Christianity

kristanismo

kristah-nees'mo

church

preĝejo

preh-jeh'yo

Church (as a body)

la Eklezio

la eklehzee'oh

clergyman

ekleziulo

eklehzee-oo'lo

Communion

komunio

komoonee'oh

confession

konfeso

kon-feh'so

congregation

adorantaro

adohrahn-tah'ro

convent

monaĥejo

mona

kh

eh'yo

Creator, the

Kreinto

kreh-in'toh

cross

kruco

kroot'so

crucifix

krucifikso

kroot-sifik'so

fast-day

fastotago

fah'sto-tah'go

festival

festo

feh'sto

font

baptujo

bahp-too'yo

funeral

funebra ceremonio

fooneh'brah tsereh-mo-nee'oh

God

Dio

dee'oh

heaven

ĉielo

chee-eh'lo

hell

infero

infehr'o

Holy Ghost (Spirit)

la Sankta Spirito

la sahnk'ta speeree'toh

hymn; -book

himno; himnaro

him'no; him-nah'ro

lectern

legpupitro

lehg-poopee'tro

litany

litanio

litahnee'oh

liturgy

liturgio

litoorghee'oh

Lord, the

la Sinjoro

la sinyoh'ro

mass, high

alta meso

ahl'tah meh'so

—, low

malalta meso

mal-ahl'tah meh'so

matins

matenpreĝoj

mahtehn-preh'joy

missal

meslibro

mehss-lee'bro

nave

navo

nah'vo

offertory (R.C.)

ofertorio

ohfehr-toree'oh

— (collection)

monkolekto

mohn-kolek'toh

papal

papa

pah'pa

penance

pentofaro

pehn'toh-fah'ro

pew

benko

behn'ko

Pope

Papo

pah'po

prayer

preĝo

preh'jo

prayer-book

preĝaro

prehjah'ro

priest, pastor

pastro

pah'stro

Protestant

Protestanto

proteh-stahn'toh

pulpit

katedro

kateh'dro

Roman Catholic

Romkatoliko

rohm'katohlee'ko

sacrament

sakramento

sakrah-mehn'toh

salvation

savo

sah'vo

Saviour, the

la Savinto

la sahveen'toh

sermon

prediko

prehdee'ko

service, divine

diservo

dee-sehr'vo

service, evening

vespera diservo

vespeh'ra dee-sehr'vo

—, morning

matena diservo

mateh'na dee-sehr'vo

sitting, seat

sidloko

seed-lo'ko

synagogue

sinagogo

sinahgo'go

tabernacle

tabernaklo

tabehr-nah'klo

transept

transepto

trahnsehp'toh

truth

vero

vehr'o

verger

pedelo

pehdeh'lo

vespers

vesperpreĝoj

vespehr-preh'joy

vestry, sacristy

sakristio

sakris-tee'oh

worship

adorado

adoh-rah'do

worship, to

adori

adoh'ree

27. Professions and Trades.
(Profesioj kaj Metioj)

(For Shopping, etc., see pp. 108 to 111.)

Note.—The names of workers in the various trades and professions are formed by adding the suffix -ist to the root-word. Thus: vendi, to sell—vendisto, a salesman; lampo, a lamp—lampvendisto, a lamp-seller, lampfaristo, a lamp manufacturer; maro, sea—maristo, a sailor; akrigi, to sharpen—akrigisto, a grinder, etc.

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Architect

arĥitekto

ar

kh

itek'toh

artist

artisto

artist'o

baker

bakisto

bah-kist'o

banker

bankiero

bahnkee-ehr'o

barber

barbiro

barbeer'o

bookseller

librovendisto

lee'bro-vendisto

butcher

buĉisto

boo-chist'o

carpenter, joiner

ĉarpentisto

charr-pehntist'o

chambermaid

ĉambristino

chahmbristee'no

chemist

farmaciisto

fahrmaht-see-ist'o

clerk

skribisto

skreebist'o

compositor

kompostisto

kom-postist'o

confectioner

konfitisto

konfeetist'o

consul

konsulo

kon-soo'lo

cook

kuirist-o, -ino

koo-eerist'-o, -ee'no

editor

redaktoro

redahk-tohr'o

engineer

inĝeniero

injehnee-ehr'o

fisherman

fiŝkaptisto

fish'kaptist'o

fishmonger

fiŝvendisto

fish'vendist'o

florist

floristo

flo-rist'o

fruiterer

fruktovendisto

frook'toh-vendist'o

glazier

vitristo

veetrist'o

goldsmith

oraĵisto

ohrah-zhist'o

governess

guvernistino

goovehr-nistee'no

greengrocer

legomvendisto

legohm'vendist'o

grocer

spicisto

speet-sist'o

hairdresser

frizisto

free-zist'o

hatter

ĉapelisto

chapeh-list'o

hosier

ŝtrumpaĵisto

shtroompah-zhist'o

ironmonger

feraĵvendisto

fehrahzh'vendist'o

jeweller

juvelisto

yoo-veh-list'o

journalist

ĵurnalisto

zhoor-nalist'o

labourer

penlaboristo

pehn'labohrist'o

lawyer

advokato

ahdvokah'toh

maid-servant

servistino

sehr-vistee'no

man-servant

servisto

sehr-vist'o

mason

masonisto

mahsonist'o

mechanic

maŝinisto

mahsheenist'o

merchant

negocisto

negoht-sist'o

miller

muelisto

moo-ehlist'o

mother's-help

helpistino

helpistee'no

nurse

flegistino

fleh-ghistee'no

nursemaid

vartistino

vahrtistee'no

optician

optikisto

opteekist'o

plumber

plumbisto

ploombist'o

policeman

policano5

polit-sah'no

printer

presisto

preh-sist'o

saddler

selisto

sehlist'o

shoemaker

ŝuisto

shoo-ist'o

shopkeeper

butikisto

bootikist'o

smith

forĝisto

fohrjist'o

stationer

paperaĵisto

pa-perah-zhist'o

student

studento

stoodehn'toh

tailor

tajloro

tahy-loh'ro

teacher

instruisto

instroo-ist'o

tobacconist

tabakvendisto

tabahk'vendist'o

tradesman

komercisto

komehrt-sist'o

tutor

guvernisto

goovehrnist'o

waiter, waitress

kelnero, kelnerino

kelneh'ro, kel-nehr-ee'no

workman

laboristo

labohrist'o

28. Legal Terms.
(Leĝaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see p. 123.)

English

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Accused, the

la akuzato

la ahkoozah'toh

acquittal

malakuzo

mahlahkoo'zo

to advance (money)

pruntedoni

proon'teh-doh-nee

agreement, an

kontrakto

kontrahk'toh

alibi, an

alibio

ahleebee'oh

allege, to

alegi

ahleh'ghee

apology, an

pardonpeto

pahrdohn-peh'toh

appeal; to —

apelo; apeli

ahpeh'lo; ahpeh'lee

arrangement, agreement

interkonsento

in'tehr-konsehn'toh

arrears

restantaj ŝuldoj

rehstahn'tahy shool'doy

arrest, to

aresti

ahreh'stee

attest, to

atesti

ahteh'stee

attorney

prokuratoro

prokoorah-toh'ro

authorise, to

rajtigi

rahy-tee'ghee

award, an

aljuĝo

ahl-yoo'jo

award, to

aljuĝi

ahl-yoo'jee

bail

kaŭcio

kahwtsee'oh

bailiff

juĝplenumisto

yooj'plehnoomist'oh

bond (for loan)

pruntkontrakto

proont'kontrahk'toh

case (suit)

proceso

prohtseh'so

charge, to

akuzi

ahkoo'zee

client

kliento

klee-ehn'toh

complainant, the

la plendanto

la plendahn'toh

contract

kontrakto

kontrahk'toh

conviction, a

kondamno

kondahm'noh

costs

proceskosto

prohtsehs-kost'oh

court of justice

tribunalo

treeboonah'lo

criminal, a

krimulo

krim-oo'lo

damages

monkompenso

mohn'kompehn'so

decision (of case)

decido

dehtsee'doh

deed

akto

ahk'toh

defend, to

defendi

dehfehn'dee

defendant (in a suit)

la akuzato

la ahkoozah'toh

document

dokumento

dokoomehn'toh

evidence

evidenco

ehvidehnt'so

execution (of deed)

subskribigo

soobskreebee'go

— (of a judgment)

plenumo

plehnoo'mo

executor

administranto

ahdministrahn'to

fee (of office)

honorario

honoh-rahree'oh

fine (penalty)

monpuno

mohn-poo'no

information, to give

denunci

dehnoont'see

informer

denunc-anto, -into6

dehnoonts-ahn'toh, -in'toh

injunction

injunkcio

inyoonk-tsee'oh

inventory

inventario

invehn-tahree'oh

jail

malliberejo

mahllibehr-ehyo

judge, the

juĝisto

yoojist'oh

jurisdiction

juĝorajto

yoo'jo-rah'y-toh

jurisprudence

juro

yoo'ro

law-suit

proceso

proht-seh'so

non-suit, to

malakcepti

mahl-ahktsehp'tee

oath, to take an

fari ĵuron

fah'ree zhoor'ohn

parchment

pergameno

pehrgah-meh'no

pardon

pardono

pahrdoh'no

penal

punebla

pooneh'blah

perjury

falsa ĵuro

fahl'sah zhoor'oh

petitioner

petfarinto

peht'fahrin'toh

police-office

policoficejo

pohleet'so-feetseh'yo

— officer

policano

pohleet-sah'no

— station

policejo

pohleet-seh'yo

proof

pruvo

proo'voh

prosecute to

persekuti

pehrsehkoo'tee

prosecution (of suit)

persekuto

pehrsehkoo'toh

prosecutor

persekut-anto, -isto7

pehrsehkoot-ahn'toh, -ist'oh

punishment

puno

poo'no

quash

kasacii

kahsaht-see'ee

robbery

rabo

rah'bo

seal, a

sigelo

seegeh'lo

sentence, a

sentenco

sehntehnt'so

sheriff

skabeno

skahbeh'no

statement (written)

deklaro (skribita)

dehklah'ro (skreebee'tah)

sue, to

persekuti

pehrsehkoo'tee

suit

proceso

prohtseh'so

summons (of court)

asigno

ahseeg'no

testator

testamentinto

tehstah-mehntin'toh

theft

ŝtelo

shteh'lo

thief

ŝtel-isto, -into

shtehl-ist'oh, -in'toh

trial

proceso

prohtseh'so

verdict

verdikto

vehrdeek'toh

witness

atestanto

ahteh-stahn'toh

writ

asignordono

ahseeg'nordoh'no

29. Commercial Terms.
(Komercaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see p. 125.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Account

konto

kon'toh

—, current

kuranta konto

koorahn'ta kon'toh

—, joint

komuna konto

komoo'na kon'toh

—, to close an

fermi konton

fehr'mee kon'tohn

—, to settle an

pagi konton

pah'gee kon'tohn

acknowledgment

ricevavizo

ritseh'vahvee'zo

agency

agentejo

ahghen-teh'yo

agent

agento

ahghehn'toh

apprentice

metilernanto

mehtee'lehr-nahn'toh

arrear, in

malfrue

mahlfroo'eh

assets

aktivo

ahktee'voh

balance of account

saldo de konto

sahl'doh deh kon'toh

balance-sheet

bilanco

bilahnt'so

bank

banko

bahn'ko

bankrupt; a —

bankrotin-ta; -to

bahn-krotin'-tah; -toh

bankruptcy, failure

bankroto

bahn-kro'toh

bearer

portanto

portahn'toh

bill (account)

kalkulo

kahlkoo'lo

bill (comml. document)

bilo

bee'lo

— at sight

kambio je vido

kahmbee'oh yeh vee'doh

— at 3 months' date

kambio je tri monatoj

kahmbee'oh yeh tree monah'toy

— of exchange

kambio

kahm-bee'oh

— of lading

ŝarĝatesto

shahr-jah-teh'stoh

bond, a

obligacio

obligaht-see'o

bond, in

kuŝanta en dogantenejo

kooshahn'ta en dogahn'teneh'yo

bonded goods

komercaĵoj en dogano deponitaj

komehrt-sah'zhoy ehn dogah'no depohnee'tahy

book-keeper

librotenisto

lee'bro-tenis'toh

branch-establishment

filio

filee'oh

broker

makleristo

mah-klehrist'o

brokerage

kurtaĝo

koortah'jo

business

la aferoj

la ahfeh'roy

buyer

aĉetisto

ahchehtist'o

cargo

ŝarĝo

shahr'jo

carriage

transportprezo

trahnsport-preh'zo

carriage-paid

kun transporto pagita

koon trahns-pohr'toh pah-ghee'tah

cashier

kasisto

kahsist'o

charter a ship, to

lui ŝipon

loo'ee shee'pohn

charter-party

ĉarto

chahr'toh

catalogue

katalogo

kah-tahlo'go

cheque

ĉeko

cheh'ko

claim

pretendo

prehtehn'doh

clerk

oficisto

ofeet-sist'o

company

kompanio

kompah-nee'oh

—, joint-stock

akcia kompanio

ahk-tsee'ah kompah-nee'oh

—, limited

limigita kompanio

limighee'tah "

compensation

kompenso

kompehn'so

complaint

plendo

plehn'doh

confiscate, to

konfiski

konfis'kee

contract, a

kontrakto

kontrahk'toh

cost, insurance and

kosto, asekuro kaj

kost'o, ahseh-koor'o

freight (c.i.f.)

frajto

kahy frah'y-toh

cost price

kostprezo

kost-preh'zo

credit

kredito

krehdee'toh

creditor

kreditoro

kreditohr'o

custom-house

doganejo

doganeh'yo

customs, the

la dogano

la dogah'no

— clearing-house

doganesplorejo

dogahn'esploreh'yo

customs duties

doganimpostoj

dogahn'impos'toy

damage

difekto

difekt'o

damages (law)

kompensaĵo

kompehn-sah'zho

debenture shares

obligaciaj akcioj

obligaht-see'ahy ahkt-see'oy

debit

debeto

debeh'toh

debt

ŝuldo

shool'doh

debtor

ŝuldanto

shool-dahn'toh

deliver, to

liveri

liveh'ree

delivered free

liverita afrankite

livehree'tah afrahnkee'teh

demurrage

pago pro malfruiĝo

pah'go pro mahlfroo-ee'jo

department

fako

fah'ko

director, manager

direktoro

direktohr'o

discount; to —

diskonto; diskonti

diskon'toh; diskon'tee

dividend

dividendo

dividehn'doh

dock and harbour dues

dok- kaj haven-impostoj

dohk- kahy havehn'-impos'toy

double entry, by

per duobla enskribo

per doo-oh'bla enskree'bo

draft

trato

trah'toh

draw upon, to

trati (iun)

trah'tee (ee'oon)

drawee

tratato

tratah'toh

drawer

tratanto

tratahn'toh

duty, export

eksportimposto

eksport'impost'oh

—, import

importimposto

import'impost'oh

duty-free

senimposte

sen-impost'eh

enclosed

entenata

entehnah'ta

enclosure, an

enmetaĵo

enmeh-tah'zho

endorse, to

ĝiri

jee'ree

endorsee

ĝirato

jeerah'toh

endorsement

ĝiro

jeer'o

endorser

ĝiranto

jeerahn'toh

exchange, an

interŝanĝo

intehr-shahn'jo

— (place)

borso

bohr'so

— (difference)

aĝio

ahjee'oh

excise

akcizo

ahk-tsee'zo

exports

eksportoj

ekspor'toy

firm, a

firmo

feer'mo

forwarding

eksped-o, -ado8

ekspeh'-doh, -dah'doh

free on board (f.o.b.)

afranke sur ŝipon

afrahn'keh soor sheep'ohn

freightage

frajta prezo

frahy'tah preh'zo

guarantee, a

garantio

garahntee'o

imports

importoj

impohr'toy

insolvent

nesolventa

nehsolvehn'ta

insurance policy

asekura poliso

ahsehkoor'ah polee'so

— premium

asekura premio

ahsehkoor'ah prehmee'oh

insure, to

asekuri

ahsehkoo'ree

introduction

prezento

prehzehn'toh

—, letter of

prezenta letero

prehzehn'ta leteh'ro

invest, to (money)

plasi

plah'see

letter of advice

avizletero

ahveez'leteh'ro

liabilities

pasivo, ŝuldaro

pahsee'vo, shool-dah'ro

liable to duty

impostebla

imposteh'blah

load, to

ŝarĝi

shahr'jee

loss

malprofito

mahl-profee'toh

manifest, a

manifesto

mah-nifeh'sto

marine insurance

marasekuro

mahr'ahseh-koo'ro

market

komercejo

komehrt-seh'yo

foreign market

eksterlanda vendado

ekstehrlahn'da vendah'doh

home market

enlanda vendado

enlahn'da vendah'doh

London market

Londona vendado

londoh'na vendah'doh

market-day

vendeja tago

vendeh'yah ta'go

market dues

vendejaj impostoj

vendeh'yahy impos'toy

market price

vendeja prezo

vendeh'yah preh'zo

not negotiable

nenegocebla

neh-nehgoht-seh'blah

offer for sale, to

elmeti al vendo

elmeh'tee al vehn'doh

office

oficejo

ofitseh'yo

order, to (goods)

mendi

mehn'dee

packing

pakado

pahkah'doh

partner

partisto

pahrtist'o

payable

pagebla

pa-geh'blah

port of delivery

livera haveno

livehr'ah haveh'no

preference shares

preferencaj akcioj

prefehrent'sahy ahk-tsee'oy

prepaid

afrankita

afrahn-kee'ta

price

prezo

preh'zo

price-list

prezaro

prehzahr'o

quarantine

kvaranteno

kvarahn-teh'no

quotation (of price)

prezpropono

prehz'prohpo'no

rate of interest

procento

prohtsehn'toh

receipt

kvitanco

kvitahnt'so

receiver

likvidisto

likvee-dist'o

register, to

registri

reh-ghees'tree

registered tonnage

registra tonaĵo

reh-ghees'tra tonah'zho

registration

registr-o, -ado

reh-ghees'-tro, -trah'doh

representative

reprezentanto

reprehzen-tahn'toh

rent

luprezo

loo-preh'zo

retail (

adj. & adv.

)

pomalgrand-a, -e

po-malgrahn'-da, -deh

salesman, seller

vendisto

vehndist'o

selling price

vendoprezo

vehn'doh-preh'zo

settling days

pagtagoj

pahg-tah'goy

shareholder

akciulo

ahk-tsee-oo'lo

shares

akcioj

ahk-tsee'oy

ship, to

enŝipigi

enshipee'ghee

shippers

ekspedistoj

ekspeh-dis'toy

shipping charges

ŝarĝadaj elspezoj

shahrja'dahy elspeh'zoy

shop-assistant

komizo

komee'zo

solvent

solventa

solvehn'ta

stevedore

stivisto

steevist'o

stow, to (cargo)

stivi

stee'vee

telegraphic address

telegrafa adreso

telehgrah'fah ahdreh'so

towing charges

trenŝipaj pagoj

trehn-shee'pahy pahgoy

trade, commerce

komerc-o, -ado

komehrt'-so, -sah'doh

transaction

negoco

nehgoht'so

traveller, commercial

komerca vojaĝisto

komehrt'sah vo-yah-jist'o

underwriter

asekurinto

ahseh-koorin'toh

unloading

malŝarĝ-o, -ado

mahlshahr'-jo, -jah'doh

visa, to

vizi

vee'zee

warehouse

magazeno

mah-gazeh'no

weight, gross

kuntara pezo

koon-tah'ra peh'zo

—, net

sentara pezo

sehn-tah'ra peh'zo

wharf

ŭarfo

wahr'fo

wharfage

ŭarfpago

wahrf-pah'go

wholesale

pogrand-a, -e

po-grahn'-da, -deh

winding-up

likvido

likvee'doh

30. Post, Telegraph and Telephone.
(La Poŝto, la Telegrafo, kaj la Telefono.)

(For Conversations see p. 121.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Collection

kolekto

kolek'toh

contents

enhavo

ehnhah'vo

counterfoil

kontraŭfolio

kon'trahw-folee'oh

customs declaration

dogandeklaro

dogahn'dehklar'o

delivery

livero

livehr'o

description

priskribo

pree-skree'bo

despatch note

depeŝo

dehpeh'sho

excess postage

afrankeksceso

afrahnk'eks-tseh'so

letter post

letera poŝto

leteh'ra posh'toh

letter-scales

leterpesilo

letehr'pehsee'lo

mail, the

la kuriero

la kooree-ehr'o

money order (foreign)

poŝtmandato eksterlanda

posht-mandah'toh eks-terlahn'da

newspaper wrapper

banderolo

bahn-dero'lo

parcel

paketo

pahkeh'toh

— post

paketpoŝto

pahkeht-posh'toh

pillar-box

leterkesto

letehr-kest'o

post, the

la poŝto

la pohsh-toh

postage paid

afrankita

afrahnkee'tah

postal order

poŝtmandato enlanda

posht-mahndah'toh en-lahn'da

post-card

poŝtkarto

pohsht-kahr'toh

post-office

poŝtoficejo

posht-ofeet-seh'yo

postman

leterportisto

letehr'pohrtist'o

postmaster

poŝtestro

pohsh-tehs'tro

re-address, to

readresi

reh-ahdreh'see

register, to

registri

reh-ghees'tree

reply paid

respondafrankita

respond'afrahn-kee'ta

stamps

poŝtmarkoj

posht-mahr'koy

telegram

telegramo

teleh-grah'mo

telegraph, to

telegrafi

teleh-grah'fee

— form

telegrama folio

teleh-grah'ma folee'oh

— messenger

telegramportisto

telehgrahm'pohrtist'o

— office

telegrafejo

teleh-grafeh'yo

telephone

telefono

teleh-fo'no

— call office

telefonejo

teleh-foneh'yo

— number

telefona numero

teleh-fo'na noomehr'o

ring up, to

telefoni

teleh-fo'nee

to be called for

poŝtrestante

posht-restahn'teh

value, insured

asekurita valoro

ahsekooree'ta vahlohr'o

weigh, to

pesi

peh'see

weight, a

pezilo

pehzee'lo

— (of anything)

pezo

peh'zo

—, over

tro peza

tro peh'zah

31. Correspondence.
(Korespondado.)

(For Conversations see p. 122.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Address

adreso

ah-dreh'so

blotting-paper

sorba papero

sohr'ba pa-pehr'o

date

dato

da'toh

—, to

dat-i, -umi

dah'-tee, -too'mee

envelope

koverto

ko-vehr'toh

fasten, close, to

fermi

fehr'mee

immediate

tuja

too'yah

ink

inko

een'ko

inkstand

inkujo

een-koo'yo

letter

letero

letehr'o

letter-box

leterkesto

leh-tehr-kest'o

note

noto

no'toh

note-paper

leterpapero

letehr'pa-pehr'o

packet

paketo

pah-keht'o

pen

plumo

ploo'mo

—, fountain

fontoplumo

fon'toh-ploo'mo

penholder

plumingo

ploom-een'go

penknife

tranĉileto

trahn-chee-leh'toh

pencil

krajono

krah-yo'no

quire

kajero

kah-yeh'ro

ream

rismo

rees'mo

seal, a

sigelo

see-gheh'lo

seal, to

sigeli

see-gheh'lee

sealing-wax

sigelvakso

see-ghehl-vahk'so

sheet

folio

fo-lee'o

signature

subskribo

soob-skree'bo

urgent

urĝa

oorr'jah

writing

la skribo

la skree'bo

— materials

skribilaro

skree-bee-lah'ro

32. The Cardinal Numbers.
(La Fundamentaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 78.)

0

Nulo

(nool'oh)

17

dek sep

79

sepdek naŭ

1

unu

(oo'noo)

18

dek ok

80

okdek

2

du

(doo)

19

dek naŭ

90

naŭdek

3

tri

(tree)

20

dudek

100

cent

(tsehnt)

4

kvar

(kvahr)

21

dudek unu

101

cent unu

5

kvin

(kvin)

22

dudek du

102

cent du

6

ses

(sehss)

23

dudek tri

200

du cent

(doot'sehnt)

7

sep

(sehp)

24

dudek kvar

300

tricent

8

ok

(ohk)

30

tridek

400

kvarcent

9

naŭ

(nahw)

35

tridek kvin

500

kvincent

10

dek

(dehk)

40

kvardek

600

sescent

11

dek unu

46

kvardek ses

700

sepcent

12

dek du

50

kvindek

800

okcent

13

dek tri

57

kvindek sep

900

naŭcent

14

dek kvar

60

sesdek

1,000

mil

(meel)

15

dek kvin

68

sesdek ok

16

dek ses

70

sepdek

2,679

dumil sescent sepdek naŭ.

3,000

trimil.

10,000

dek mil.

20,000

dudek mil.

389,345

tricent okdek naŭmil tricent kvardek kvin.

1,000,000

(unu) miliono

[(oo'noo) meeleeoh'no].

4,000,000

kvar milionoj.

1908 …

Mil naŭcent ok.

Note.—Observe that the cardinal numbers are grouped together (without hyphens) in thousands, hundreds, tens and units. Thus, 548 is kvincent kvardek ok, not kvincent-kvardek-ok, and 17 dek sep, not dek-sep.

33. Ordinal Numerals.
(La Ordaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 78.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

First

unua

oonoo'ah

second

dua

doo'ah

third

tria

tree'ah

fourth

kvara

kvah'rah

fifth

kvina

kvee'nah

sixth

sesa

seh'sah

seventh

sepa

seh'pah

eighth

oka

oh'kah

ninth

naŭa

nah'wah

tenth

deka

deh'kah

eleventh

dek-unua

dehk-oonoo'ah

twelfth

dek-dua

dehkdoo'ah

thirteenth

dek-tria

dehktree'ah

fourteenth

dek-kvara

dehk-kvah'rah

fifteenth

dek-kvina

dehk-kvee'nah

sixteenth

dek-sesa

dehkseh'sah

seventeenth

dek-sepa

dehkseh'pah

eighteenth

dek-oka

dehk-oh'kah

nineteenth

dek-naŭa

dehknah'wah

twentieth

dudeka

doodeh'kah

twenty-first

dudek-unua

doo'dehk-oonoo'ah

twenty-second

dudek-dua

doo'dehk-doo'ah

twenty-third

dudek-tria

doo'dehk-tree'ah

twenty-fourth

dudek-kvara

doo'dehk-kvah'rah

twenty-fifth

dudek-kvina

doo'dehk-kvee'nah

thirtieth

trideka

treedeh'kah

thirty-second

tridek-dua

treedehk-doo'ah

fortieth

kvardeka

kvahrdeh'kah

fiftieth

kvindeka

kvindeh'kah

sixtieth

sesdeka

sehsdeh'kah

seventieth

sepdeka

sehpdeh'kah

eightieth

okdeka

ohkdeh'kah

ninetieth

naŭdeka

nahw-deh'kah

hundredth

centa

tsehn'tah

hundred and first

cent-unua

tsehnt-oonoo'ah

two hundred and fifty-second

ducent-kvindek-dua

doot'sehnt-kvin'dehk- doo'ah

thousandth

mila

mee'lah

34. Collective and Fractional Numbers.
(Kolektivaj kaj Nombronaj Numeraloj.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

All

ĉiom (da)

chee'ohm (dah)

couple, a

paro

pah'ro

double

duobla

doo-oh'blah

doubly

duoble

doo-oh'bleh

dozen, a

dekduo

dehk-doo'oh

fifth, a

kvinono

kvee-no'no

firstly

unue

oonoo'eh

gross, a

cent kvardek kvar

tsehnt kvahr'dehk kvahr

half-a-dozen

duondekduo

doo-ohn'dehkdoo'oh

once

unufoje

oo'noo-fo'yeh

one by one

unuope

oonoo-oh'peh

one-half

unu duono

oo'noo doo-oh'no

pair, a

paro

pah'ro

part, portion

parto

pahr'to

quarter, fourth part

kvarono

kvahro'no

score, a

dudeko

doodeh'ko

secondly

due

doo'eh

single

unuopa

oonoo-oh'pah

singly

unuope

oonoo-oh'peh

third, a

triono

tree-oh'no

thirdly

trie

tree'eh

threefold

trioble

tree-oh'bleh

three-quarters

tri kvaronoj

tree kvahro'noy

three-sevenths

tri seponoj

tree sehpoh'noy

twice

dufoje, dufojojn

doo-fo'yeh, doo fo'yoyn

two by two

duope

doo-oh'peh

two-sixths

du sesonoj

doo seh-so'noy

whole, the

la tuto

la too'toh

35. Adjectives.
(Adjektivoj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 77.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

Able (capable)

kapabla

kah-pah'blah

bad, wicked

malbona

mahl-bo'nah

beautiful, handsome

bela

beh'la

beloved

amata

ahmah'tah

bitter

maldolĉa

mahl-dohl'chah

blind

blinda

bleen'dah

blunt

malakra

mahl-ah'krah

bold

kuraĝema

koorah-jeh'ma

brave

brava

brah'vah

bright

hela

heh'la

broad, wide

larĝa

lar'jah

careful

zorgema

zorgeh'ma

careless

senzorga

sen-zor'ga

certain

certa

tsehr'tah

cheap

malkara

mahl-kah'ra

clean

pura

poo'rah

clear

klara

klah'ra

clever

lerta

lehr'tah

cold

malvarma

mahl-vahr'ma

comfortable

komforta

kohm-fohr'tah

corpulent

korpulenta

korpoolehn'tah

costly

multekosta

mool'teh-kohs'tah

damp

malseka

mahl-seh'ka

dangerous

danĝera

dahn-jeh'rah

dark

malluma

mahl-loo'ma

deaf

surda

soor'dah

dear

kara

kah'ra

deep

profunda

pro-foon'dah

different

malsama

mahl-sah'ma

dirty

malpura

mahl-poo'rah

disagreeable

malagrabla

mahl-ahgrah'blah

dry

seka

seh'ka

dull (of weather)

malklara

mahl-klah'rah

dusty

polva

pohl'vah

early

frua

froo'ah

easy

facila

faht-see'lah

empty

malplena

mahl-pleh'na

every

ĉiu

chee'oo

false

malvera

mahl-vehr'ah

fashionable

laŭmoda

lahw-mo'dah

fat (stout)

dikkorpa

deek-kor'pa

few

malmultaj

mahl-mool'tahy

fine (excellent)

bonega

boneh'gah

— (in quality)

delikata

dehlee-kah'tah

fit (for)

taŭga

tahw'gah

flat

plata

plah'tah

foolish

malsaĝa

mahl-sah'jah

fortunate

bonŝanca

bohn-shahnt'sah

free

libera

libeh'ra

frequent

ofta

off'tah

fresh

freŝa

freh'shah

front

antaŭa

ahntah'wah

full

plena

pleh'nah

gay

gaja

gah'yah

general, usual

kutima

kootee'ma

gentle, polite

ĝentila

jentee'la

good

bona

boh'nah

grand

grandioza

grahndee-oh'zah

great

granda

grahn'dah

happy

feliĉa

fehlee'chah

hard

malmola

mahl-mo'la

heavy

peza

peh'zah

high

alta

ahl'tah

honest

honesta

honeh'stah

hot

varmega

vahrmeh'ga

hungry

malsata

mahl-sah'tah

ill (unwell)

malsana

mahl-sah'nah

important

grava

grah'va

interesting

interesa

inteh-reh'sah

just

justa

yoos'tah

kind

bonkora

bohn-ko'ra

lame

lama

lah'ma

large, vast

larĝa

lahr'jah

last

lasta

lah'stah

late

malfrua

mahl-froo'ah

light

luma

loo'ma

little, small

malgranda

mahl-grahn'dah

long

longa

lohn'gah

loose

ne fiksita

neh fiksee'tah

low (in place)

malalta

mahl-ahl'tah

many

multaj

mool'tahy

mild

milda

meel'dah

muddy

kota

ko'tah

narrow

mallarĝa

mahl-lahr'jah

natural

natura

nahtoor'ah

new

nova

no'vah

nice, tasty

bongusta

bohn-goo'stah

old (not new)

malnova

mahl-no'vah

open

malfermita

mahl-fehrmee'tah

patient

pacienca

paht-see-ent'sah

pleasant

agrabla

ahgrah'blah

poor (not rich)

malriĉa

mahl-ree'chah

poor (to be pitied)

kompatinda

kompah-teen'dah

possible

ebla

eh'blah

pretty

beleta

beh-leh'tah

private

privata

pree-vah'tah

probable

probabla

probah'blah

proud

fiera

fee-eh'rah

public

publika

pooblee'ka

pure, clean

pura

poo'rah

quick, swift

rapida

rahpee'dah

quiet

kvieta

kvee-eh'tah

rich

riĉa

ree'chah

right

prava

prah-vah

— (correct)

ĝusta

joo'stah

ripe

matura

mahtoo'rah

rough (not smooth)

malglata

mahl-glah'tah

round

ronda

rohn'dah

rude

malĝentila

mahl-jenteela

sacred, holy

sankta

sahnk'tah

sad

malĝoja

mahl-joya

safe, secure

sekura

seh-koo'rah

sharp

akra

ah'krah

short

mallonga

mahl-lohn'ga

silent

silenta

seelehn'tah

simple

simpla

seem'plah

slow

malrapida

mahl-rahpee'dah

smooth

glata

glah'tah

soft

mola

mo'lah

sound, reliable

fidinda

feedeen'dah

sour

acideca

ahtsee-deht'sah

square

kvadrata

kvah-drah'tah

straight

rekta

rehk'tah

strange (curious)

stranga

strahn'gah

strong

forta

fohr'tah

stupid, dull

stulta

stool'tah

sufficient

sufiĉa

soofee'chah

sweet

dolĉa

dohl'chah

tall

altkreska

ahlt-krehs'kah

tender (loving)

amplena

ahm-pleh'nah

thick

dika

dee'kah

thin

maldika

mahl-dee'ka

thirsty

soifanta

so-eefahn'tah

tough

koherema

ko-hehreh'mah

true

vera

veh'rah

ugly

malbela

mahl-beh'la

unsettled (weather)

necerta

neht-sehr'tah

useful

utila

ootee'la

usual

kutima

kootee'ma

valuable

multvalora

mooltvahlo'ra

various

diversa

deevehr'sah

warm

varma

vahr'ma

weak

malforta

mahl-fohr'ta

wet

malseka

mahl-seh'kah

whole

tuta

too'tah

willing

volonta

volohn'tah

wise

saĝa

sah'jah

wrong

malprava

mahl-prah'vah

young

juna

yoo'nah

36. Verbs.

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 81.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

To accept

akcepti

ahk-tsehp'tee

" admire

admiri

ahdmeer'ee

" answer, reply

respondi

rehspohn'dee

" approve

aprobi

ahpro'bee

" arrive

alveni

ahl-veh'nee

" ascend

supreniri

soo'preh-neer'ee

" ask

demandi

dehman'dee

" attract, draw

altiri

ahl-teer'ee

" awake,

intr.

vekiĝi

vehkee'jee

" be

esti

eh'stee

" be hungry

malsati

mahl-sah'tee

" be ignorant of

nescii

nehst-see'ee

" be mistaken

trompiĝi

trohmpee'jee

" be quiet, silent

silenti

seelehn'tee

" be thirsty

soifi

so-ee'fee

" beat

bati

bah'tee

" begin,

tr.

komenci

kohment'see

" believe

kredi

kreh'dee

" blame

mallaŭdi

mahl-lahw'dee

" boil,

intr.

; —,

tr.

boli; boligi

bo'lee; bo-lee'ghee

" borrow

pruntepreni

proon'teh-preh'nee

" bring

alporti

ahl-por'tee

" build

konstrui

konstroo'ee

" button

butonumi

bootonoo'mee

" buy

aĉeti

ahcheh'tee

" carry

porti

pohr'tee

" catch cold

malvarmumi

mahl-vahrmoo'mee

" chat

babili

bahbee'lee

" climb

grimpi

grim'pee

" compare

kompari

kohmpah'ree

" consent

konsenti

konsehn'tee

" continue,

intr.

daŭri

dahw'ree

" cook

kuiri

koo-ee'ree

" cough

tusi

too'see

" cover

kovri

ko'vree

" dance

danci

dahnt'see

" decide

decidi

deht-see'dee

" deny

nei

neh'ee

" depart, go away

foriri

for-eer'ee

" descend

malsupreniri

mahl-sooprehn-eer'ee

" desire, wish (for)

deziri

deh-zeer'ee

" dine

ĉefmanĝi

chehf-mahn'jee

" do, make

fari

fah'ree

" doubt

dubi

doo'bee

" draw, pull

tiri

teer'ee

" dream

sonĝi

sohn'jee

" drink

trinki

trin'kee

" dress

vesti

veh'stee

" dwell, live

loĝi

lo'jee

" eat

manĝi

mahn'jee

" exchange

interŝanĝi

intehr-shahn'jee

" excuse

ekskuzi

ekskoo'zee

" explain

komprenigi

kompreh-nee'ghee

" fall

fali

fah'lee

" feel (by touch)

palpi

pahl'pee

" feel (in mind)

senti

sehn'tee

" find

trovi

tro'vee

" finish,

tr.

fini

fee'nee

" follow

sekvi

sehk'vee

" forget

forgesi

fohr-gheh'see

" gather

kolekti

ko-lehk'tee

" get

akiri

ahkee'ree

" get up

leviĝi

lehvee'jee

" give

doni

doh'nee

" go

iri

eer'ee

" go in

eniri

ehneer'ee

" go out

eliri

ehleer'ee

" grow

kreski

kreh'skee

" guide

gvidi

gvee'dee

" hate

malami

mahlah'mee

" have

havi

hah'vee

" hear

aŭdi

ahw'dee

" hesitate

heziti

heh-zee'tee

" hide

kaŝi

kah'shee

" hope

esperi

espehr'ee

" imagine

imagi

imah'ghee

" ignore

ignori

ignoh'ree

" intend

intenci

intehnt'see

" introduce (one)

prezenti

prehzehn'tee

— (a thing)

enkonduki

ehnkon-doo'kee

" joke

ŝerci

shehrt'see

" jump

salti

sahl'tee

" know

scii

stsee'ee

" laugh

ridi

ree'dee

" learn

lerni

lehr'nee

" lend

pruntedoni

proon'teh-doh'nee

" lie down

kuŝiĝi

koo-shee'jee

" live (be alive)

vivi

vee'vee

" look for

serĉi

sehr'chee

" lose

perdi

pehr'dee

" love

ami

ah'mee

" marry,

intr.

(of a man)

edziĝi

ehdzee'-jee

— (of a woman)

edziniĝi

ehdzee-nee'jee

" meet

renkonti

rehn-kon'tee

" mention

aludi

ahloo'dee

" need, want

bezoni

behzoh'nee

" object

oponi

opoh'nee

" obtain

obteni

obteh'nee

" offend

ofendi

ofehn'dee

" offer

proponi

pro-po'nee

" open

malfermi

mahl-fehr'mee

" order (goods)

mendi

mehn'dee

" order, command

ordoni

ohrdoh'nee

" pack up

paki

pah'kee

" paint

pentri

pehn'tree

" pay; repay

pagi; repagi

pah'ghee; reh-pah'ghee

" plant

planti

plahn'tee

" play

ludi

loo'dee

" plough

plugi

ploo'ghee

" pluck, pick

deŝiri

deh-sheer'ee

" praise

laŭdi

lahw'dee

" prove

pruvi

proo'vee

" read

legi

leh'ghee

" reap

rikolti

reekohl'tee

" reckon, count

kalkuli

kahl-koo'lee

" receive

ricevi

reetseh'vee

" refuse

rifuzi

ree-foo'zee

" regret

bedaŭri

behdahw'ree

" remember

memori

meh-mohr'ee

" repeat

ripeti

reepeh'tee

" rest

ripozi

reepo'zee

" return, come back

reveni

rehveh'nee

— (go back)

reiri

reh-eer'ee

— (give back)

redoni

reh-doh'nee

" ring,

tr.

sonorigi

so-no-ree'ghee

" roast

rosti

roh'stee

" run

kuri

koor'ee

" say, tell

diri

dee'ree

" search for

serĉi

sehr'chee

" see

vidi

vee'dee

" sell

vendi

vehn'dee

" serve

servi

sehr'vee

" sew, stitch

kudri

koo'dree

" shave

razi

rah'zee

" shine

brili

bree'lee

" show

montri

mohn'tree

" sign (letter, etc.)

subskribi

soob-skree'bee

" sit down

sidiĝi

seedee'jee

" sleep

dormi

dohr'mee

" sneeze

terni

tehr'nee

" sow (seed)

semi

seh'mee

" speak

paroli

pahro'lee

" spoil,

tr.

difekti

deefehk'tee

" steal

ŝteli

shteh'lee

" study

studi

stoo'dee

" swear

ĵuri

zhoor'ee

" take

preni

preh'nee

" take off

depreni

deh-preh'nee

" take a walk

promeni

pro-meh'nee

" taste,

tr.

gustumi

goostoo'mee

" tell (a tale)

rakonti

rahkon'tee

" thank

danki

dahn'kee

" think

pensi

pehn'see

" throw

ĵeti

zheh'tee

" touch

tuŝi

too'shee

" translate

traduki

trahdoo'kee

" travel

vojaĝi

vo-yah'jee

" unbutton

malbutonumi

mahl-bootohnoo'mee

" unpack

malpaki

mahl-pah'kee

" wash

lavi

lah'vee

" weep

plori

plo'ree

" weigh,

tr.

; —,

int.

pesi; pezi

peh'see; peh'zee

" will, be willing

voli

vo'lee

" work

labori

lah-boh'ree

" wrap up

envolvi

ehn-vol'vee

" write

skribi

skree'bee

" yield, give way

cedi

tseh'dee

37. Adverbs, Conjunctions & Prepositions.
(Adverboj, Konjunkcioj kaj Prepozicioj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see p. 77.)

English.

Esperanto.

Pronunciation.

About (nearly)

proksimume

prokseemoo'meh

about (concerning)

pri

pree

above

super

soo'pehr

above all

antaŭ ĉio

ahn'tahw chee'oh

absolutely

absolute

ahbsoloo'teh

according to

laŭ

lah'w

across

trans

trahnss

afresh

denove

dehno'veh

after, next to

post

pohst

afterwards

poste

pohss'teh

again

ree

reh'eh

against

kontraŭ

kohn'trahw

all (of)

ĉiom (da)

chee'ohm (dah)

all at once, suddenly

subite

soobee'teh

almost

preskaŭ

preh'skahw

alone, solely

sole

so'leh

aloud

laŭte

lahw'teh

already

jam

yahm

also, too, besides

ankaŭ

ahn'kahw

although

kvankam

kvahn'kahm

altogether, quite

tute

too'teh

always

ĉiam

chee'ahm

and

kaj

kah'y

anywhere

kie ajn

kee'eh ah'yn

around, round about

ĉirkaŭ

cheer'kahw

as…as

tiel…kiel…

tee'ehl…kee'ehl…

as much, as many

tiom

tee'ohm

as much as

tiom kiom

tee'ohm kee'ohm

as soon as, immediately

tuj kiam

too'y kee'ahm

at

ĉe

cheh

at first

unue

oonoo'eh

at last

fine

fee'neh

at least

almenaŭ

ahl-meh'nahw

at [the] most

pleje

pleh'yeh

at once

tuj

tooy'

at present

nune

noo'neh

badly

malbone

mahlbo'neh

because

ĉar

chahr

before

antaŭ

ahn'tahw

behind

post

pohst

below, under, beneath

sub

soob

besides, beyond

krom

krohm

better

pli bone

plee bo'neh

between, among(st)

inter

een'tehr

beyond

preter

preh'tehr

briefly, shortly

mallonge

mahl-lohn'geh

but

sed

sehd

by the side of

apud, flanke de

ah'pood, flahn'keh deh

by turns

laŭvice

lahw-veet'seh

close to

apud

ah'pood

consequently

sekve

sehk'veh

daily

ĉiutage

chee-ootah'gheh

doubtless

sendube

sehndoo'beh

down (direction)

malsupren

mahlsoo'prehn

down (position)

malsupre

mahlsoo'preh

during

dum

doom

early, betimes

frue

froo'eh

either…or

aŭ…aŭ

ahw…ahw

elsewhere

aliloke

ahleelo'keh

enough (of)

sufiĉe (da)

soofee'cheh (dah)

even if

eĉ se

ehch seh

everywhere

ĉie

chee'eh

exactly

precize

preht-see'zeh

exceedingly

treege

treh-eh'geh

except,

prep.

escepte

est-sehp'teh

far, distant

malproksime

mahl-proksee'meh

for,

conj.

ĉar

chahr

for,

prep.

por

pohr

formerly

antaŭe

ahntah'weh

from

de

deh

full of

plena de

pleh'nah deh

fully

plene

pleh'neh

hardly

apenaŭ

ahpeh'nahw

here

ĉi tie, tie ĉi

chee tee'eh, tee'eh chee

herewith

ĉi-kune

chee-koo'neh

how, like

kiel

kee'ehl

how much?

kiom?

kee'ohm?

however

tamen

tah'mehn

immediately

tuj

too'y

in

en

ehn

in every way

ĉiel

chee'ehl

in front, before

antaŭe

ahntah'weh

in future

en la estonteco

ehn lah estohn-teht'so

in spite of

malgraŭ

mahl'grahw

in the midst of

meze de

meh'zeh deh

indeed

vere

veh'reh

inside

interne de, en

intehr'neh deh, ehn

instead of

anstataŭ

ahnstaht'ahw

late

malfrue

mahl-froo'eh

less

malpli

mahl'plee

little (of)

malmulte (da)

mahl-mool'teh (dah)

little by little

iom post iom

ee'ohm pohst ee'ohm

more

pli

plee

more or less

pli malpli

plee mahl'plee

the more…the more

ju pli…des pli

yoo plee…dehs plee

much, very

tre

treh

mutually

reciproke

reht'see-pro'keh

near; — to

proksime; — de

prohksee'meh; — deh

neither…nor

nek…nek

nehk…nehk

never

neniam

neh-nee'ahm

nevertheless

tamen

tah'mehn

not

ne

neh

not at all

tute ne

too'teh neh

notwithstanding

malgraŭ (tio)

mahl'grahw (tee'oh)

not yet

ankoraŭ ne

ahnkoh'rahw neh

now

nun

noon

nowadays

nuntempe, hodiaŭ

noon-tehm'peh, hoh-dee'ahw

nowhere

nenie

neh-nee'eh

of

de; da

(after numerals)

deh; dah

of course

kompreneble

kompreh-neh'bleh

often

ofte

off'teh

on, upon

sur

soor

on account of

pro

pro

on no account

nenial

neh-nee'ahl

on the contrary

kontraŭe

kontrah'weh

on the left

maldekstre

mahl-dek'streh

on the right

dekstre

dehk'streh

only

nur

noor

opposite

kontraŭe

kontrah'weh

or

aŭ

ahw

otherwise

alie

ahlee'eh

outside, out of

ekster

eks'tehr

over

super

soo'pehr

perhaps

eble

eh'bleh

presently, soon

baldaŭ

bahl'dahw

previously

antaŭe

ahntah'weh

purposely

intence

intehnt'seh

quickly

rapide

rahpee'deh

rather, preferably

prefere

prehfeh'reh

rather, somewhat

iom

ee'ohm

save, excepting

escepte

ehst-sehp'teh

scarcely

apenaŭ

ahpeh'nahw

seldom, rarely

malofte

mahl-off'teh

since,

prep.

de

deh

—,

conj.

ĉar

chahr

— (the time when)

de l' tempo kiam

dehl tehm'po kee'ahm

so, thus

tiel

tee'ehl

so much

tiom

tee'ohm

somehow

iel

ee'ehl

something

io

ee'oh

sometimes

kelkafoje

kehl'kah-fo'yeh

soon

baldaŭ

bahl'dahw

suddenly

subite

soo-bee'teh

that,

conj.

ke

keh

that is

tio estas

(abbr.,

t.e.

)

tee'oh es'tahss

then

tiam

tee'ahm

then,

conj.

do

doh

thence

de tie

deh tee'eh

there

tie

tee'eh

through

tra

trah

through (by means of)

per

pehr

till, until

ĝis

jeess

to

al

ahl

together

kune

koo'neh

too much, too

tro

tro

towards

al, en la direkto de

ahl, ehn lah deerehk'toh deh

unexpectedly

neatendite

neh-ahtehndee'teh

unless

se…ne

seh…neh

until

ĝis

jeess

up, upwards

supren

soo'prehn

up above

supre

soo'preh

weekly

ĉiusemajne

chee'oo-sehmah'y-neh

well

bone

bo'neh

when

kiam

kee'ahm

whence?

de kie?

deh kee'eh?

where?

kie?

kee'eh?

wherever

kie ajn

kee'eh ahyn'

whether, if

ĉu

choo

while, whilst

dum

doom

why?

kial?

kee'ehl?

willingly

volonte

volohn'teh

wisely

saĝe

sah'jeh

with

kun

koon

within

interne

intehr'neh

without

sen

sehn

yearly

ĉiujare

chee'oo-yah'reh

yet, as yet

ankoraŭ

ahnkoh'rahw

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR.

The Article.

The Definite Article the is in Esperanto represented by la. Like the article in English, la does not vary with the number or gender of the noun before which it is placed; e.g., la briko, the brick; la brikoj, the bricks; la patro, the father; la patrinoj, the mothers.

The Indefinite Article a is not expressed in Esperanto. Thus, "filo" is son or a son.

The Noun.

In Esperanto every noun in the singular ends in o. Thus: viro, a man; la libro, the book. The plural is formed from the singular by adding the termination -j. Thus: viroj, men; la libroj, the books.

In order to allow each nation to construct its sentences in the order to which it is accustomed, every noun in Esperanto has two forms or "cases," (1) the Nominative, or unchanged form, and (2) the Accusative, which is formed from the nominative by adding the termination -n. This is merely to distinguish between subject and object. The accusative form is also used to indicate motion towards, etc.

The Adjective.

All adjectives end in the nominative singular in a. They may be placed either before or after the noun. As in the case of the noun, the plural is formed by adding the termination -j, and the accusative is formed by adding -n to the nominative. The adjective agrees in number and case with the noun which it qualifies. Ex.:—

• Blua libro (or libro blua), a blue book; bluaj libroj, blue books.
• La viro legas bluan libron. The man reads a blue book.
• La viroj legas bluajn librojn. The men are reading blue books.

Thanks to the accusative case, one might say without loss of clearness: Bluan libron legas la viro, or la viro bluan libron legas, or bluan libron la viro legas, etc.

Degrees of Comparison.

There are three degrees of comparison, as in English:

The Positive, as bona, good; bela, beautiful; granda, big, great.

The Comparative is formed by placing pli (more) or malpli (less) before the positive, thus: bona, good—pli bona, better; bela, beautiful—malpli bela, less beautiful. The comparison may be heightened by using multe (much), thus: multe pli (or malpli) bela.

Than is translated by ol, thus: pli (or malpli) bela ol…, more (or less) beautiful than…

The Superlative degree is formed by using plej (most) with the positive; as bela, beautiful—plej bela, most beautiful.

Of with a superlative is translated by the preposition el (out of). La plej granda el ĉiuj, the greatest of all.

The more…the more, the less…the less, are translated by means of the particles ju and des. Thus: Ju pli oni studas, des pli oni lernas, the more one studies, the more one learns. Ju pli mi kun li parolas, des malpli mi lin estimas, the more I speak to him, the less I esteem him.

Cardinal Numbers.

The Cardinal Numbers may be used as nouns, by the addition of the ending -o. Thus, unuo, a unit; trio, a trio; dekduo, a dozen; dudeko, a score; cento, a hundred; milo, a thousand. Note that miliono is ALWAYS used as a noun.

When a number or any other word is used as a noun of quantity, the noun which follows it must be preceded by the quantitative preposition da:—Dekduo da ovoj, a dozen eggs; milo da soldatoj, a thousand soldiers (one might of course also say dek du ovoj, mil soldatoj); du metroj da drapo, two metres of cloth; tri funtoj da sukero, three pounds of sugar.

Ordinal Numbers.

The Ordinal Numbers are formed by adding the adjectival ending -a to the Cardinals. In Compound Ordinal Numbers, the groups of hundreds, tens, units, etc., are joined by hyphens, and the ending -a is added to the unit numeral. Thus: unu, one—unua, first; tria, third; dek-unua, eleventh; tridek-sepa, thirty-seventh; kvarcent-sesdek-dua, 462nd, and so on. Written in figures these would be 1a, 3a, 11a, 37a, 462a. The Ordinals are of course inflected like adjectives. (See page 77.)

Fractions

Fractionals are formed by adding the suffix -on (plus the endings o, a, or e as required) to the Cardinal Numbers. Thus: unu duono, one-half; tri kvaronoj, three-quarters; dek sep dek-naŭonoj, 17/19; dudek tri kvarmil-kvincent-tridek-naŭonoj, 23/4539. Duone vera (or duonvera), half-true. Tri-kvaronoj da funto (or trikvaronfuntoj), ¾ lb. Duono da funto (or duonfunto), ½ lb.

Multiples, Collectives, and Distributives.

Multiple Numbers are formed from the Cardinals by adding the suffix -obl, with the requisite grammatical ending o, a, or e. Thus: duobla, double; duoblo, a double; duoble, doubly; tridekoble, thirty-fold; sesoble naŭ estas (or faras) kvindek kvar, six nines are fifty-four; duoble du estas kvar, twice two are four.

Collective Numerals are formed by the addition of the suffix -op (plus the grammatical termination required). Thus: duope, two at a time, two together; naŭope, nine at a time; ili venadis dekope, they came in tens; dumilopa taĉmento, a detachment two thousand strong.

Distributives are shown by the preposition po, meaning at the rate of. Thus: li aĉetis por ĉiu infano po ses pomoj, he bought six apples for each child; li ricevas po dek ŝilingoj por ĉiu tago, he gets ten shillings a day; la vagonaro veturas po sesdek mejloj en ĉiu horo (or ĉiuhore), the train travels at (the rate of) sixty miles an hour, etc.

The Pronoun.

The Personal Pronouns are, in the nominative: Mi, I; vi, you (sing. and pl.); ni, we; li, he; ŝi, she; ĝi, it; ili, they.

The archaic English thou may be translated by ci.

The Accusative case of the personal pronouns is formed like that of nouns and adjectives, by adding -n. Thus: Min, me; vin, you; nin, us; lin, him; ŝin, her; ĝin, it; ilin, them.

The Reflexive Pronoun of the 3rd person is si (accusative sin), standing for himself, herself, itself, one's-self, or themselves, as the case may be. There is no special reflexive form for the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, I, we, and you.

The Indefinite Personal Pronoun is oni (= the French on)—one, people, they, you. Ex.: Li amas sin, he loves himself; ŝi amas sin, she loves herself; ĝi montras sin, it shows itself; ili diras al si, they say to themselves; oni vidas sin, one sees one's-self; mi lavas min, I wash myself; vi laŭdas vin, you praise yourself.

Possessive Adjectives or Pronouns.

By adding the adjectival ending -a to the personal pronouns, the Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns are obtained. Thus: Mia, my, mine; cia, thy, thine; via, your, yours; nia, our, ours; lia, his; ŝia, her, hers; ĝia, its; sia (reflexive), his, her(s), its, their(s), one's.

Note the following use of sia. In English the sentence, "He saw his friend with his brother," is not clear. Does it mean that he saw his friend (1) with his friend's brother, or (2) with his own brother? In Esperanto, the use of sia makes the meaning quite clear; (1) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun LIA frato, and (2) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun SIA frato.

The word mem, meaning -self or -selves, may be added to a personal pronoun to give emphasis. Thus: Konu vin mem, know thyself; li iris mem, he went himself; li mem, himself; li parolis al si mem, he spoke to himself.

Like other adjectives, possessives agree in case and number with the noun to which they refer. Ex.:

• lia libro, his book; liaj libroj, his books;
• ŝi havas lian, kaj li havas ŝian, she has his, and he has hers;
• liaj estas la plej bonaj libroj, his are the best books;
• mi preferas miajn, I prefer mine; li preferas siajn, he prefers his;
• ili preferas siajn, they prefer theirs.

Demonstrative Adjective or Pronoun.

The Demonstrative Adjective and Pronoun "that" is rendered in Esperanto by the word tiu (acc. tiun); plural tiuj (acc. tiujn), those. The addition (either before or after) of the particle ĉi to the singular and plural respectively, gives this and these. Ex.:

• Tiu viro, that man. Tiu estas mia, that (one) is mine.
• Mi elektas tiun, I choose that (one).
• Mi preferas tiun ĉi (or ĉi tiujn), I prefer this (one).
• Tiuj ĉi (or ĉi tiuj) estas miaj, these are mine.
• Mi portos tiujn ĉi, I will carry these.

Interrogative Pronouns.

Kiu?—who, which? Plural, kiuj? Kio?—what? Kies?—whose? Al kiu?—to whom? Kiun?—whom? (acc.), kiujn? (acc. plu.). Ex.:

• Kiu estas tiu?—who is that?
• Kiun vi deziras vidi?—whom do you desire to see?
• Kiuj foriris?—which (ones) went away?
• Kiujn vi vidis?—which ones did you see?

Kiu is also used with Adjectival meaning. Thus: Kiu libro estas via?—which book is yours? Kiun libron vi preferas?—which book do you prefer? Kiuj domoj apartenas al vi?—which houses belong to you? Kiujn stratojn vi konas?—which streets do you know? Kio estas tio?—what is that? Kion li volas?—what does he want?

The English -ever is translated by ajn. For example: Kiu ajn li estas, ne parolu al li, whoever he be, do not speak to him. Kies ajn, whosesoever. Kiu(j)n ajn, whomever.

Relative Pronouns.

The Relative Pronouns are identical with the Interrogative: Kiu(j), who, that, which, kiu(j)n, whom, that, which. Ex.:

• La libro, kiun vi legas, the book (which) you are reading.
• Tiu, kiu parolis al vi, the one who spoke to you.
• La personoj, kiujn li konas, the persons (whom) he knows.
• Tio, kion li diras, ne estas vera, what he says is not true.
• La arbo, kies supron vi vidas, the tree whose top you can see.

Indefinite Pronouns.

• iu (acc. iun), anyone, someone or other;
• ies, anyone's, someone's;
• iuj (acc. iujn), any persons, some persons or other;
• io (acc. ion), anything, something.

• ĉiu (acc. ĉiun), everyone, each;
• ĉies, everyone's, everybody's, each one's;
• ĉiuj (acc. ĉiujn), everybody, all;
• ĉio (acc. ĉion), everything, all.

• neniu (acc. neniun), no one, nobody;
• nenies, no one's, nobody's;
• nenio (acc. nenion), nothing, not anything.

Note.—Iu, ĉiu, and neniu are also used with nouns. Thus: Kiun libron vi deziras? Which book do you desire? Iun ajn libron. Any book. Iu homo, any man, some man or other. Ĉiu bona patro amas siajn infanojn, every good father loves his children. Ĉiuj liaj amikoj (or ĉiu lia amiko), all his friends, every friend of his. Mi renkontis neniun amikon, I met no friend.

Other Pronominal Words and Expressions are:

multaj(n), many; multo(n), much; malmultaj(n), malmulte da…, a few. Ex.: malmultaj personoj, few persons; malmulte da scio, little knowledge.

kelkajn, some, several; kelke da…, some. Ex.: kelkaj personoj, some persons, several persons; kelke da libroj, some (quantity of) books.

alia(n), another, other; aliaj(n), others. Ex.: ili parolis unu al alia, they spoke to one another; ni parolis unu al la alia, we spoke to each other; unu aŭ la alia taŭgos, either (one or the other) will do; nek unu nek la alia konvenas, neither (one nor the other) is suitable.

ambaŭ (invariable), both. Ex.: ambaŭ venis, both came; mi konas ambaŭ fratojn, I know both brothers; mi vidis ilin ambaŭ, I saw both of them; mi ŝatas ambaŭ, I like both.

The Verb.

Tenses.

The Verb in Esperanto has three main Tenses—the Present, Past, and Future. These are denoted by means of the verbal endings -as, -is, and -os. Thus, from the root vid, see, are formed:

Present.

Past.

Future.

mi vidas

, I see

mi vidis

, I saw

mi vidos

, I shall see

Moods.

Every Esperanto verb has three Moods—the Conditional, the Imperative, and the Infinitive, which are formed respectively by means of the endings -us, -u, and -i. Thus:

Conditional.

Imperative.

Infinitive.

mi vidus

, I should see

vidu

, see!

vidi

, to see

The Conditional Mood is used to express supposition; the three Tenses, on the other hand, are used to express facts or actual happenings. (For examples, see "Conjunctions," page 83.)

The Imperative Mood is used to express an order, desire, wish, will, etc. (See page 84.) Used with the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, this mood corresponds to the English let, used as an expression of a wish. Thus: mi pensu, let me think; li venu morgaŭ, let him come to-morrow; ili parolu, let them speak.

Note that let sometimes means to allow, to give leave, in which case the verb lasi is used. Thus: let (allow) him come, lasu lin veni; leave it there, lasu ĝin tie.

The Imperative may be used interrogatively to translate the English shall, with an idea of wish or desire. Thus:

• What shall I give you? Kion mi donu al vi?
• What shall we do to-day? Kion ni faru hodiaŭ?

What will he do? would of course be simply Kion li faros?—for there is here no question of desire or wish, but merely a question of future action.

The Infinitive Mood is used to express the mere idea of the verb, without any limit of person or number, and corresponds to the English to before the verb. Thus: kuri, to run; paroli, to speak.

Note.—In Esperanto, as is largely the case in English, the mood and tense endings of the verb do not vary according to person or number. For instance: mi vidas, I see, li vidas, he sees; also ni vidis, we saw, ili vidis, they saw; vi vidos, you will see; oni vidos, one will see; ŝi vidus, she would see, vi vidus, you would see.

Participles.

There are in Esperanto six participles, three active and three passive, corresponding to three tenses. They are formed in the Active by means of the endings -ant, -int, and -ont, and in the Passive by means of the endings -at, -it, -ot, with the addition of the adjectival termination -a. Thus:

Active.

Present.

Past.

Future.

 

vidanta

, seeing

vidinta

, having-seen

vidonta

, about-to-see

Passive.

 

 

 

 

vidata

, (being) seen

vidita

, (having-been) seen

vidota

, (about-to-be) seen

The Participles may be used either as Nouns, Adjectives, or Adverbs, the terminations -o, -a, -e being added to the participial endings as required. When used as nouns or adjectives, they of course take the sign of the Plural (-j) and of the Accusative (-n) when the construction of the sentence so requires. Ex.:

(1) Active. En la venonta jaro, in the coming year. La parolanto, the speaker. La aŭskultantoj, the audience (lit., listeners). Mi vidis lin skribantan, I saw him writing. Li foriris kurante, he went off at a run. Li revenis ne vidinte sian amikon, he returned without having seen his friend.

(2) Passive. La ekzamenato, the examinee. La mortigitoj kaj vunditoj, the killed and wounded. Estimata sinjoro, dear (lit., esteemed) sir. Frapote, li sin defendis, about to be struck, he defended himself. Mi aŭdis tiun himnon kantatan, I heard that hymn sung.

Compound Tenses.

The Compound Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb esti, to be. Thus, by the combination of the participles with the six tenses and moods, we obtain thirty-six compound tenses, enabling us to express with the utmost precision any time-relation whatsoever. We have in all:

li estas

,

or

estus

,

or

estis

,

or

estu

,

or

estos

or

esti vidanta

or

vidata vidinta

or

vidita vidonta

or

vidota

The use of the participles is very easy when once one grasps the fact that the auxiliary esti serves to denote the particular division of time, or the particular manner, of the occurrence of the action denoted by the participle. Ex.:

• Li estis skribanta, kiam mi vidis lin, he was writing when I saw him.
• Li estis fininta, kiam mia amiko alvenis, he had finished (lit., was having finished) when my friend arrived.
• Mi estis tuj forironta, kiam vi aperis, I was just about to go out when you appeared.
• Li estas nunmomente parolanta, he is speaking at this very moment.
• Li estas mortonta, he is about to die.
• Li estus jam foririnta, he would have already departed (lit., would be already gone away).

The word by after a Passive is translated by the preposition de. Thus: The wood was being chopped by the boy, la ligno estis hakata de la knabo. He has been seen by all, li estas vidita de ĉiuj.

Note.—The Compound Tenses should not be used if the Simple Tenses suffice to show the meaning clearly. Thus, I have seen him is more neatly expressed by mi jam vidis lin than by mi estas vidinta lin. Li jam foriris might stand for either he had gone or he has gone, according to circumstances, and the context would clearly show which was meant. Li parolas is generally quite right for he is speaking. Li estas parolanta should be used only when it is particularly intended to show that he is actually engaged in the act of speaking.

The Adverb.

In Esperanto, Adverbs are denoted by the ending -e, and may be placed in any position, either before or after the verb. Thus: bela, beautiful—bele, beautifully; vera, true—vere, truly. Li parolas saĝe, he speaks wisely. Li rapide kuras, he runs quickly.

Adverbial Numbers.

Adverbial Numbers are formed by adding -e to the Cardinals. Thus: unue (1e), firstly; trie (3e), thirdly; sepe (7e), etc.

The Preposition.

In English, one preposition often has many different meanings. In Esperanto, on the contrary, every preposition, with the exception of the word je, has one precise and fixed meaning.

The preposition je is the only one in Esperanto without a definite meaning. It sometimes happens that one wishes to use a preposition of some sort or other, but is uncertain just which preposition will precisely express the idea. In such cases je is used. Thus: He laughed at me, li ridis je mi; full of water, plena je akvo; six metres long, longa je ses metroj; fear of him, timo je li, etc.

Je should not be abused. Its too frequent use is a mark of the beginner in the language.

Use of Accusative.

When there is no ambiguity to be feared, the preposition je, and even other prepositions, are often omitted in Esperanto; and the word to which the preposition, if expressed, would have referred is put into the accusative. Thus, instead of saying li ridas je mi (he is laughing at me), one might say li ridas min; similarly, du metrojn alta would stand for alta je du metroj. Ĝi kostis je tri ŝilingoj is more usually expressed: ĝi kostis tri ŝilingojn. Mi restis tie dum kvin horoj (I stayed there for five hours) could be: mi restis tie kvin horojn; and so on.

Certain prepositions, viz., antaŭ, before, ĉe, at, en, in, sub, under, sur, on, kontraŭ, against, super, over, and trans, across, are often used to denote movement towards, whereas of themselves they only express rest at. In order to make it quite clear whether motion or rest is intended, use is made of the accusative. Thus: li promenis en la urbo, he took a walk in the city; but li promenis en la urbon, he took a walk into the city. Li kuris antaŭ mi, he ran (along) before or in front of me; but li paŝis antaŭ min, he stepped in front of me; and so on.

Adverbs are sometimes used with prepositional force. Thus: proksime de la domo, near the house; dekstre de la arbo, on the right of the tree, etc.

The Conjunction.

A full list of Conjunctions will be found on page 72. The following constructions should be noted:

Tenses after Ke (that).

• Mi vidis, ke ŝi ploras, I saw (that) she was crying.
• Mi sciis, ke li venos, I knew that he would come.

• Mi sciis, ke li jam alvenis, I knew (that) he had already arrived.

• Li diris, ke se li estus tiel granda, kiel mi, li facile farus tion, he said that if he were as tall as I, he would easily do that.

Note that in Esperanto the verb is put in the exact time or tense used by the speaker. Thus: mi ne sciis, ĉu li venos, I did not know whether he would (lit., will) come; ili ne diris, ĉu ili vin renkontis, they did not say whether they had met you.

Use of Imperative.

After verbs expressing wish, intention, will, or desire, or command, the verb following is put in the Imperative Mood. Thus: mi ordonas, ke li venu, I order that he come (him to come); mi tre deziris, ke li vivu, I very much wanted him to live; ili intencis, ke ni perdu, they intended us to lose. Here the actual expressions used were: li venu, li vivu, ili perdu.

Use of Conditional after Se.

• Se vi tiel diris, vi malprave faris, if you spoke thus you did wrongly.
• Se vi tiel dirus, vi estus malprava, if you said (were to say) thus, you would be wrong.
• Se vi venos, vi vidos, if you (will) come, you will see.

Interjections.

The following are the principal Interjections:

adiaŭ!

adieu! farewell!

ah!

ah!

antaŭen!

forward!

atentu!

look out!

bis!

encore!

bone!

good!

certe!

certainly!

ĉu ne?

or

ĉu ne vere?

is not that so?

ĉu vere?

is that so?

efektive!

indeed!

fi!

fie!

for!

away! be off!

ha!

ha!

halt!

halt!

he!

hey! halloo!

ho!

oh!

ho ve!

alas!

hontinde!

shameful!

jen!

there!

kompreneble!

naturally! of course!

ne!

no!

neeble!

impossible!

nu!

well!

rapide!

quick!

rapidu!

hurry up!

Formation of Words.

In Esperanto, considerable use is made of prefixes and suffixes, every one of which has a clear, fixed meaning. Great economy of vocabulary is thus effected, one root-word in Esperanto sufficing, when modified by suitable affixes, to translate many English words. Many of the affixes are often met with as single words. In such cases the English translation is added after the various examples of the affix in question.

Prefixes.

bo- denotes Relationship by Marriage: patro, father, bopatro, father-in-law; filo, son, bofilo, son-in-law.

dis- denotes Separation: ĵeti, to throw, disĵeti, to scatter, throw about; peli, to drive along, dispeli, to dispel, fali, to fall, disfali, to fall apart, fall to pieces.

ek- denotes a Beginning of an Action, a Momentary Action: iri, to go, ekiri, to begin to go, to start; brili, to shine, ekbrili, to begin to shine, to flash.

ge- denotes the Two Sexes Taken Together: patro, father, gepatroj, father and mother, parents; frato, brother, gefratoj, brother(s) and sister(s); Gesinjoroj B., Mr. and Mrs. B.

mal- denotes the Opposite of an Idea: bona, good, malbona, bad; ŝati, to like, malŝati, to dislike; amiko, friend, malamiko, enemy; laŭta, loud, mallaŭte, softly.—Malo, an opposite; male, on the contrary.

pra- is a prefix of Relationship, corresponding to the English FORE-, GREAT-: patro, father, prapatro, forefather, ancestor; avo, grandfather; praavo, great-grandfather; nepo, grandson, pranepo, great-grandson.

re- denotes Return and Repetition: iri, to go, reiri, to go back, or to go again; repreni, to take back; revidi, to see again.—Ree, again.

Suffixes.

-aĉ denotes that a word is used in a Bad Sense, with Disparagement: domo, a house, domaĉo, a hovel; ridi, to laugh, ridaĉi, to sneer.

-ad denotes Continuation or Duration of an action: paroli, to speak, paroladi, to make a speech; kanto, a song, kantado, singing; vojaĝo, a voyage, vojaĝado, travelling; rido, a laugh, ridado, laughter.

-aĵ denotes some Concrete Thing characterized by the idea contained in the root: bela, beautiful, belaĵo, a beautiful thing; nutri, to feed, nourish, nutraĵo (or nutrantaĵo), food; ĝentila, polite, ĝentilaĵo, a polite act, act of politeness; bovo, ox, bovaĵo, beef.—Aĵo, a thing.

-an denotes a Partisan of, a Member, an Inhabitant: Kristo, Christ, Kristano, a Christian; eklezio, a church, ekleziano, a churchman; Londonano, a Londoner.—Ano, a member.

-ar denotes a Collection of, a Number of: arbo, tree, arbaro, a forest; homo, a human being, homaro, mankind; vorto, a word, vortaro, a dictionary.—Aro, a collection, number, gathering.

-ĉj added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to denote Masculine Diminutives of Endearment: Johano, John, Joĉjo, Jack; patro, father, paĉjo, papa, daddy.

-ebl denotes Possibility, and corresponds to the English suffixes -ABLE, -IBLE: kredi, to believe, kredebla, credible; videbla, visible; al, to, iri, to go, alirebla, accessible.

-ec denotes Abstract Ideas, Qualities and corresponds to the English suffixes -NESS, -SHIP, etc.: feliĉa, happy, feliĉeco, happiness; alta, high, alteco, height; reĝo, king, reĝeco, kingship.

-eg denotes Augmentation, Intensity of Degree: granda, big, great, grandega, enormous; bela, beautiful, belega, magnificent; ŝtono, stone, ŝtonego, rock; pafilo, a gun, pafilego, cannon.

-ej denotes a Place specially set apart for or allotted to: preĝi, to pray, preĝejo, church; manĝi, to eat, manĝejo, refectory; kuirejo, kitchen; enirejo, entrance; elirejo, exit.

-em denotes Propensity, Inclination, Disposition: paroli, to talk, parolema, talkative; mensogi, to lie, mensogema, untruthful.

-er denotes an Element of, a Unit, a Grain: polvo, dust, polvero, a grain of dust; fajrero, a spark; hajlero, hailstone; mono, money, monero, a coin.—Ero, particle, grain, element.

-estr denotes a Chief, Leader, Head: regno, state; regnestro, head of the state, ruler; lernejo, school, lernejestro, head-master.—Estro, leader, chief; estraro, the authorities; estri, to act as chief.

-id denotes a Descendant, Offspring, Young of: bovo, ox, bovido, calf; ŝafo, a sheep, ŝafido, lamb; Izraelido, Israelite; la homidoj, the sons of man; Sro. Brown kaj la Brownidoj, Mr. Brown and the little Browns.—Ido, a descendant, child; idaro, descendants, offspring.

-et denotes Diminution of Degree (compare -eg above): bela, beautiful, beleta, pretty; venteto, breeze; ridi, to laugh, rideti, to smile; bona, good, boneta, fairly good, mediocre.—Eta, tiny.

-ig denotes a Making, Rendering, Causing to Be: granda, great, grandigi, to enlarge; venigi kuraciston, to send for (cause to come) a doctor; halti, to stop (intr.), haltigi, to stop (tr.); tranĉigi al si la harojn, to get one's hair cut.—Igi, to make, render.

-iĝ denotes a Becoming, Getting, Growing, Being made: hela, bright, heliĝi, to grow or become bright; ruĝa, red, ruĝiĝi, to redden, blush; disiĝi, to separate (intr.).—Iĝi, to become.

With transitive verbs iĝ- is used to make intransitive verbs, thus: renversi, to overthrow, turn upside down, renversiĝi, to turn (intr.) upside down, to get overthrown; fari, to make, fariĝi, to become; perdiĝi, to get lost; vidiĝi, to be seen.

Used with intransitive verbs, iĝ- gives the idea of a becoming, a Gradual Transition from one state to another: morti, to die, mortiĝi, to become dead, to die away, to expire; sidi, to be seated, sidiĝi, to become seated, to sit down.

Note that, since verbs in -iĝ are of necessity intransitive, their participles should only be used in the active form. Thus: renversiĝinta, having become overthrown, and not renversiĝita; perdiĝinta, having become lost, not perdiĝita; and so on. One might of course simply say renversita, overthrown, and perdita, lost, though the meaning would in that case not be quite the same.

-il denotes an Instrument, Tool, or Means: tranĉi, to cut, tranĉilo, a knife; filtri, to filter, filtrilo, a filter; teni, to hold, tenilo, a handle.—Ilo, tool, instrument; ilaro, set of tools.

-ind denotes Worthiness (English -WORTHY): laŭdi, to praise, laŭdinda, praiseworthy; vidinda, worth seeing, vidindaĵoj, things worth seeing, sights.—Inda (je), worthy (of); indeco, worthiness.

-ing denotes the Holder of a Single Object (compare -uj below): plumo, pen, plumingo, penholder; fingro, finger, fingringo, thimble; cigaringo, cigar-holder.—Ingo, a socket, holder.

-in denotes Feminines: viro, a man, virino, a woman; patro, father, patrino, mother.—Ino, a female.

-ist denotes Trade, Occupation, Profession: labori, to work, laboristo, workman; kuraci, to treat (medically), kuracisto, doctor.

-nj added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to form Feminine Diminutives of Endearment (compare -ĉj above): Johanino, Jane, Johanjo, Jenny; patrino, mother, panjo, mamma.

-uj denotes a Receptacle which contains or bears a Collection or a Quantity of things or material (compare -ing above): mono, money, monujo, purse; inko, ink, inkujo, inkstand.—Ujo, a utensil case, bin.

The suffix -uj is also used to denote Trees bearing certain fruits: pomo, apple, pomujo, apple-tree; ĉerizujo, cherry-tree; rozujo, rose-bush. The word arbo, however, is more frequently used in such cases: pomarbo, rozarbeto, etc.

-Uj is also used to denote the Names of Countries: Anglo, Englishman, Anglujo, England; Franco, a Frenchman, Francujo, France. (See footnote 4, p. 40.)

-ul denotes a Being characterised by the Idea contained in the Root-word: bela, beautiful, belulino, a beautiful woman, a beauty; kulpo, blame, kulpulo, culprit; laŭdindulo, one worthy to be praised; bonulo, a good fellow; bonegulo, a jolly good fellow.

-um is an Indefinite Suffix, like the word je among the prepositions, Thus: pleni, to fill, plenumi, to fulfil (compare plenigi, to fill); kolo, neck, kolumo, collar; aero, air, aerumi, to air (a room, clothes, etc.).

[Words containing -um should be learnt as independent roots.]

Compound Words.

In Esperanto, any word can be combined with any other word or words to form a compound word. Considerable use is made of prepositions for this purpose. The requisite grammatical ending must of course be added in each case. The student should carefully study the following words, and also those given above, and endeavour to form words for himself.9 Ability to form words readily is absolutely necessary to fluent speech or composition in the language. In the examples given below the component parts of the words are separated by a small stroke ('), but these are of course omitted in ordinary usage: