ACROSS UNKNOWN

SOUTH AMERICA

BY

A. HENRY SAVAGE-LANDOR

WITH 2 MAPS, 8 COLOURED PLATES, AND 260 ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR

IN TWO VOLUMES

HODDER AND STOUGHTON

LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO

The Author.

Printed in 1913
Copyright in the United States of America
by A. Henry Savage-Landor

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED

to

THE PEOPLE

of the

GREAT BRAZILIAN REPUBLIC

CONTENTS

VOL. I

Chapter Paragraph Description Pp. PREFACE v

-

xiii CONTENTS xv

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xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xix

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xxiv I

The Heart of Brazil—Brazil, its Size and its Immense Wealth—Rio de Janeiro—Brazilian Men of Genius—São Paulo—The

Bandeirantes

—The Paulista Railway

1

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25 II

Coffee—The Dumont Railway

26

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37 III

On the Mogyana Railway

38

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51 IV

The Terminus of the Railway—An Unpleasant Incident—The Purchase of Animals—On the March with the Caravan

52

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68 V

Travelling across Country—A Musical Genius—Valuable Woods—Thermal Springs

69

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85 VI

Inquisitiveness—Snakes—A Wonderful Cure—Butterflies—A Striking Scene

86

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101 VII

In the City of Goyaz

102

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117 VIII

Fourteen Long and Weary Days—Disappointment—Criminals as Followers

118

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131 IX

The Departure—Devoured by Insects

132

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148 X

Fishing—Termites—The Great Araguaya River

149

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159 XI

The

Tucano

—Fish of the Araguaya River—A Bad Shot—A Strange Sight

160

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178 XII

Geological Speculation—Beautiful Pasture-land

179

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195 XIII

The River Barreiros—A Country of Tablelands

196

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206 XIV

The Bororo Indians

207

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223 XV

Bororo Superstitions—The Bororo Language—Bororo Music

224

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241 XVI

Bororo Legends—The Religion of the Bororos—Funeral Rites

242

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263 XVII

The River Das Garças—Majestic Scenery

264

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279 XVIII

The Salesian Fathers—A Volcanic Zone

280

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291 XIX

The Paredão Grande—A Cañon—A Weird Phenomenon—Troublesome Insects

292

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310 XX

Wild Animals—An Immense Chasm—Interesting Cloud Effects

311

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327 XXI

A Beautiful Lagoon—Strange Lunar Display—Waves of Lava—Curious Grottoes—Rock Carvings—A Beautiful Waterfall

328

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343 XXII

In Search of the Highest Point of the Brazilian Plateau—Mutiny—Great Domes—Travelling by Compass—A Gigantic Fissure in the Earth's Crust

344

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358 XXIII

The Jangada River—Demented Descendants of Slaves—Appalling Degeneration—Giant Monoliths—The River Roncador—Gigantic Natural Gateways—The Discovery of Fossils

359

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376 XXIV

A Swampy Valley—Impressive Scenery—"Church Rock"—Escaping before a Forest Fire—The Rio Manso—Difficulties of marching across Virgin Country—Beautiful Rapids

377

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398 XXV

The Blue Mountains—The Cuyabá River—Inaccurate Maps—A Rebellion in Camp—Infamy of Author's Followers—The Lagõa dos Veados and the Seven Lakes—Falling Back on Diamantino—Another Mutiny—Slavery—Descending from the Tableland

399

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432

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

VOL. I

 

Page

The Author

Photogravure Frontispiece

Rio de Janeiro, showing the beautiful Avenida Central 4 Rio de Janeiro as it was in 1903 8 Dr. Pedro de Toledo, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil 12 Senador Alcindo Guanabara, a great Literary Genius and Patriot of Brazil 16 The Municipal Theatre, Rio de Janeiro 20 Baron de Rio Branco 24 Dr. Passos 28 A Beautiful Waterfall at Theresopolis 32 Antonio Prado's Coffee Estate 32 The Station and Shed of the Goyaz Railway, Araguary. Mr. Luiz Schnoor and his two Engineers 48 Typical Trees of the Brazilian Forest, Goyaz. The Stem devoid of Branches and Foliage up to a great Height 48 Author departing from Morro da Meza, showing style of Costume worn during the Expedition 56 Alcides and Filippe the Negro 56 Goyaz Railway in Construction: the Cut leading to the Paranahyba River 64 Author's Caravan crossing a Stream 64 Characteristic Types of Brazilians of the Interior. (Notice the Degenerate Faces and Development of Goitre) 68 A Typical Village of the Province of Goyaz 68 Picturesque Ox-carts of Goyaz 76 A Home in Central Brazil 80 A Clever Automatic Pounding Machine 80 Brazilian Pack-saddles 88 A Typical Village. (The Higher Building is the Church) 88 Author's Caravan about to cross the River Corumba 96 Burity Palms 96 The President of Goyaz and his Family. (Giant Cactus in the background) 100 The Main Square of Goyaz City, showing Prison and Public Library 108 Some of the Baggage and Scientific Instruments used by Author on his Expedition 108 Author's Six Followers 112 View of Goyaz City from Sta. Barbara 120 Author's Men packing Animals 120 Some of Author's Pack Animals 128 Author's Caravan across the Immense Prairies of Matto Grosso 144 The Araguaya River (looking North) 152 The Araguaya (looking South) 152 Caraja Indian of the Upper Araguaya River 160 Typical Flat-topped Plateau of Central Brazil 168 One Night's Fishing on the Araguaya 168 The Paredãozinho 176 Typical Scenery of Matto Grosso 176 Volcanic Scenery of Matto Grosso (Chapada in foreground) 184 Peculiar Formation of Central Plateau 184 Curious Domes of Lava with Upper Stratum of Earth, Sand and Ashes 192 Great Undulating Campos of Matto Grosso 192 Typical Brazilian Plateau, showing Work of Erosion 200 On the Plateau of Matto Grosso (Alcides in foreground) 200 A Fine Bororo Type on a Visit To Author's Camp 208 Bororo Men, showing Lip Ornament 216 Bororo Men 216 Bororo Indians 224 Bororo Men (the Aprons are not actually worn) 228 Bororo Warriors 232 Bororo Warriors 232 The Horrors of Photography: Bororo Children 236 Bororo Chief rattling Gourds filled with Pebbles, in order to call Members of his Tribe

(

Coloured Plate

)

238 Bororo Child showing strong Malay Characteristics 240 Bororo Girls 244 Bororo Girls (side view) 244 Bororo Women, showing Method of carrying Children 248 Bororos showing Formation of Hands 248 Bororo Women 252 Bororo Women 252 Bororos Thrashing Indian Corn 256 A Bororo Blind Woman 256 Bororo Children 260 Bororo Women 260 Isolated Conical Hills with Tower-like Rocky Formations on Summit 268 The Endless Campos of Matto Grosso 268 Geometrical Pattern on the Surface of a Flow of Lava (caused by Sudden Contraction in Cooling) 272 The Observatory at the Salesian Colony. (Padre Colbacchini in the Foreground) 280 Bororo Women and Children 280 Strange Formation of Volcanic Rock 288 Volcanic Cavities (Matto Grosso) 288 A Vertical Mass of Solid Rock of a Brilliant Red Colour 292 The Paredão Grande (Matto Grosso)

(

Coloured Plate

)

294 The Paredão Grande, showing Vertical Rocks with Great Arches 300 Mushroom-shaped Rocks of Volcanic Formation 308 A Great Earthquake Fissure in the Terrestrial Crust (Matto Grosso) 308 Strange Geometrical Pattern of Lava over Giant Volcanic Dome 316 Author's Troop of Animals wading across a Shallow Stream 324 Central Cluster of Trees and Palms in a Cuvette (Matto Grosso) 332 A Giant Wave of Lava 332 Strange Rock-Carvings of Matto Grosso 336 Weird Lunar Effect witnessed by Author

(

Coloured Plate

)

340 A Giant Quadrangular Block of Rock 344 Rock-Carvings in Matto Grosso 344 A Picturesque Waterfall on the S. Lourenço River 352 A Cañon of Matto Grosso 356 How Author's Animals rolled down Trailless Ravines 360 Hideous Types characteristic of Central Brazil. Two Women (Left) and Two Men (Right) 364 Author's Caravan marching across Trailless Country 368 The Roncador River 368 Fossil Skull of a Giant Animal discovered by Author (Side View) 376 Fossil Skull of Giant Animal (seen from Underneath) 376 A Grand Rock ("Church Rock") 384 Church Rock (Side View) 384 Quadrangular Rocky Mountain connected by Natural Wall of Rock with the Vertical-sided Range in Background 388 Quadrangular Rocky Mountain showing Rocky Wall connecting it with the Neighbouring Range 392 Author's Caravan in the Heart of Matto Grosso 392 A Giant Dome of Lava 396 Campos and Chapada of Matto Grosso 396 Marvellous Scenery of the Central Brazilian Plateau. "Church Rock" standing in the Centre

(

Coloured Plate

)

400 A Street of Diamantino 404 The Dogs of the Expedition 404 Matto-Grosso Girl, a Mixture of Portuguese, Indian and Negro Blood 412 Brazilian Child, a Mixture of Portuguese and Negro 412 Map showing Author's Route 432 Map showing the Arinos and Arinos-Juruena Rivers 432

The Mouth of the Putamayo River.

CONTENTS

VOL. II

Chapter Paragraph Description Pp. CONTENTS iii

-

viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

-

xvi I

The River Arinos—A Rickety Canoe—Mapping the River—The

Siphonia Elastica

—Rubber and its Collection—An Enormously Rich Country—A German in Slavery

1

-

15 II

Hoisting the British Flag—An Escaped Slave—A Dilemma—Benedicto—The

Lutra Brasiliensis

—The Seringueiros—A Marvellous River—Rapids

16

-

32 III

Dangerous Navigation—Eddies—Whirlpools—An Extraordinary Creature—The Man X—Pedro de Toledo Island—An Interesting Rodent

33

-

50 IV Oleo Pardo

Trees—Beautiful Palms—The River Bottom—Swarms of Butterflies—Millions of Bees—A Continuous Torture

51

-

61 V

Great Islands—The Trinchão Fish—A Fisherman's Paradise—Alastor Island—Plentiful Rubber—The Civilized Man's Idea of the Tropical Forest—The War-Cries of the Indians—Swarms of Bees and Butterflies

62

-

75 VI

The

Tapirus Americanus

—Striking Scenery—The

Mate

Tree—Photography in Camp—Brazilian Way of Reasoning—A New Christopher Columbus—The Selection of our Camps—Beautiful Fruit—A Large Tributary

76

-

91 VII

Ideal Islands—Immense

Figueira

Trees—The "Spider Monkey"—Great Variety of Fish in the Arinos—The Rocky Gateway into Diabolical Waters—Shooting Dangerous Rapids—Cutting a Way through the Forest—A Nasty Rapid—Plentiful Fish

92

-

111 VIII

Magnificent Basins—Innumerable Rapids—Narrow Escapes—The Destructive Sauba Ants—Disobedient Followers—A Range of Mountains—Inquisitive Monkeys—Luck in Fishing—Rocky Barriers—Venus

112

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128 IX

Dogs—Macaws—Crocodiles—A Serious Accident: Men flung into a Whirlpool—The Loss of Provisions and Valuable Baggage—More Dangerous Rapids—Wonderful Scenery—Dangerous Work—On the Edge of a Waterfall—A Risky Experience—Bravery of Author's Brazilian Followers—A High Wind from the North-East—A Big Lake

129

-

150 X

The Point of Junction of the Arinos and Juruena Rivers—Elfrida Landor Island—Terrible Days of Navigation—Immense Islands—An Old Indian Camp—A Fight between a Dog and an

Ariranha

—George Rex Island—A Huge

Sucuriú

Snake

151

-

164 XI

A Family of

Ariranhas

—Attacked by them—Three Nasty Rapids—Beautiful Sand Beaches—Exciting Experiences—Going down a Thundering Cataract—Alcides' Narrow Escape—A Night's Work in the Midst of a Foaming Rapid in order to rescue the half-submerged Canoe—Filippe's Courage—Visited by a Snake 20 ft. long

165

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181 XII

A Tiny Globular Cloudlet warning us—Tossed in a Merciless Manner—Saved by Providence—Vicious Waters—A Diabolical Spot—A Highly Dangerous Crossing—A Terrible Channel—More Bad Rapids—On the Verge of a Fatal Drop down a Waterfall—Saved in Time—A Magnificent Sight—The August Falls—A Mutiny—The Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., taken across the Forest over a Hill-range

182

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206 XIII

A Double Whirlpool—Incessant Rapids of Great Magnitude—A Dangerous Channel—Nothing to Eat—Another Disaster

207

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219 XIV

In the Hands of Providence—A Mutiny—Another Mutiny—Foodless—Hard and Dangerous Work—A Near Approach to Hades—Making an Artificial Channel among Thousands of Boulders—An Awe-inspiring Scene—The Fall of S. Simão—A Revolt

220

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234 XV

Mutiny and Threats—Wasted Efforts—Awful Waters—The Canoe escapes in a Violent Rapid—Another Mutiny—The Canoe recovered—An Appalling Vortex—The Fall of S. Simão—Cutting an Artificial Channel in the Rocks

235

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248 XVI

At Death's Door—Mundurucu Indians—All Author's Followers poisoned by Wild Fruit—Anxious Moments—Seringueiros—A Dying Jewish Trader—The Mori Brothers—A New Hat—Where the Tres Barras meets the Arinos-Juruena—The Canoe abandoned

249

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265 XVII

A Fiscal Agency—Former Atrocities—The Apiacar Indians—Plentiful Rubber—Unexploited Regions—Precious Fossils thrown away by Author's Followers—A Terrific Storm—Author's Canoe dashed to pieces—The Mount St. Benedicto

266

-

277 XVIII

Starting across the Virgin Forest—Cutting the Way incessantly—A Rugged, Rocky Plateau—Author's Men throw away the Supplies of Food—Attacked by Fever—Marching by Compass—Poisoned—Author's Men break down—Author proceeds across Forest endeavouring to reach the Madeira River—A Dramatic Scene

278

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298 XIX

Benedicto and Filippe show Courage—Confronted with a Mountainous Country—Steep Ravines—No Food—Painful Marches—Starving—Ammunition rendered useless by Moisture—The "Pros" and "Cons" of Smoking—A Faint Hope—A Forged Tin which should have contained Anchovies—Curious Effects of Starvation upon the Brain—Where Money is of no avail—Why there was Nothing to eat in the Forest—The Sauba Ants—Sniffed by a Jaguar—Filippe tries to commit Suicide

299

-

320 XX

Benedicto and the Honey—Constantly collapsing from Exhaustion—A Strange Accident—Finding a River—People's Mistaken Ideas—Sixteen Days of Starvation—An Abandoned Hut—Repairing a Broken-down Canoe—Canoe founders—A Raft constructed of Glass

321

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338 XXI

The Launching of the Glass Raft—Accidents—The Raft sinking—Saved—Our First Solid Meal—Its Consequences—The Canuma and Secundury Rivers—Marching back across the Forest to the Relief of the Men left behind—A Strange Mishap—A Curious Case of Telepathy

339

-

364 XXII

Baggage Saved—The Journey down the Tapajoz River—Colonel Brazil—Wrecked—From Itaituba to the Amazon—Benedicto and the Man X are discharged

365

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385 XXIII

Santarem to Belem (Pará)—The Amazon—From Belem to Manaos—The Madeira-Mamore Railway

386

-

404 XXIV

Attacked by Beri-beri—A Journey up the Madeira River to the Relief of Filippe the Negro and Recovery of Valuable Baggage left with him—Filippe paid off—A Journey up the River

Solimões

—Iquitos

405

-

418 XXV

From Iquitos to the Foot of the Andes up the Rivers Ucayalli, Pachitea and Pichis—The Cashibos or "Vampire Indians"

419

-

438 XXVI

Across the Andes—The End of the Trans-continental Journey

439

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457 XXVII

The Peruvian Corporation Railway—The Land of the Incas—Lake Titicaca—Bolivia—Chile—The Argentine—A Last Narrow Escape—Back in England

458

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476 APPENDIX

Some of the Principal Plants of Brazil—Mammals—Birds—Fish—Reptiles—Vocabularies

477

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496 INDEX 497

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504

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

VOL. II

 

Page

The Mouth of the Putamayo River

(

Coloured Plate

)

Frontispiece

Rubber Tree showing Incisions and the Collar and Tin Cup for the Collection of the Latex 4 Coagulating Rubber into a Ball 4 Balls of Rubber outside a Seringueiro's Hut 8 Method of pressing Rubber into Cakes, the Alum Process of Coagulation being used 8 The Upper Arinos River 12 The Arinos River above the Rapids 12 The First Rocks in the Arinos River 20 Enormous Globular Rocks typical of the Arinos River 20 A Rocky Barrier in the River 24 A Picturesque Double Waterfall on the Arinos River 24 An Island of the Arinos River 28 Vegetation on an Island in the River Arinos 28 Preparing the Canoe to descend a Rapid 36 A Cataract on the Arinos River 36 A Rapid on the Arinos River 44 Taking the Canoe through a Narrow Channel 44 A Formidable Vortex 64 Going down a Violent Rapid in a Narrow Channel 64 The Result of Half an Hour's Fishing on the Arinos-Juruena 84 Leading the Canoe down a Rapid by Rope 92 Characteristic Rocky Barrier across the Arinos River (Author's Sextant in Foreground) 92 Whirlpool at End of Rapid 100 In Shallow Water 100 Fishing on the Arinos: a Jahu 104 Fish of the Arinos River 104 A Fine Cataract on the Arinos-Juruena River 108 Preparing the Canoe prior to descending a Rapid 112 A Nasty Rapid 112 A Giant Central Wave emerging from a Narrow Channel 116 A Dangerous Rapid 120 Taking the Canoe and Part of the Baggage down a Narrow Passage among Rocks 120 The Canoe being led down a Rapid 124 Crocodile about to attack one of the Dogs of the Expedition. Photographed by Author at a Distance of Three Metres (Rio Arinos-Juruena) 128 Terrifying Rapid shot by Author and his Men in their Canoe 132 Author's Men shooting a Crocodile 136 A Cataract in the River Arinos 140 Author's Canoe among Great Volcanic Rocks 140 Preparing to descend a Rapid 144 A Cataract in the Arinos River 144 Lake formed where the Arinos and Juruena Rivers meet 148 Going through a Rapid 148 Author's Canoe going down a Cataract 152 The Immense Waves encountered by Author in emerging from the Channel, in the Rapid of the Inferno. (The Canoe with its Occupants shot up Vertically in the Air) 156 A Giant Sucurí Snake with Entire Deer contained in its Digestive Organs 160 An Easy Rapid 164 Going through a Narrow Channel 164 A Dangerous Vortex 168 Preparing the Canoe to go down a Rapid 168 A Narrow Passage in the Arinos River 172 Treble Vortex. (The Water revolved in Three Different Directions in Succession) 172 At the August Falls 176 Author and His Men in Water up to their Necks for an Entire Night endeavouring to save their Canoe, which in shooting a Rapid had become stuck between Rocks (Coloured Plate

)

178 The Salto Augusto from Above 192 The Upper Terrace of the August Waterfall 184 Interesting Geological Formation below the Salto Augusto 188 The Salto Augusto (Upper Terrace) 192 Foliated Rock below the August Falls 196 The Wooden Railway constructed by Author in order to take the Canoe Overland for Two and a Half Kilometres at the August Falls 200 Formation of Rock below the August Falls 200 Photograph showing the Road cut by Author across the Forest in order to take the Heavy Canoe Overland 204 Conveying the Canoe across the Forest on Improvised Railway and Rollers 208 Pushing the Canoe Uphill through the Forest. (Notice Men With Heads wrapped owing to Torturing Insects) 212 Conveying the Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., over a Hill Range—The Descent 216 Author's Canoe being made to travel across the Forest 220 Distant View showing Both Falls at the Salto Augusto 224 Launching the Canoe after its Journey over a Hill Range 224 A Most Dangerous Rapid navigated by Author and his Men 228 Letting the Canoe jump a Rapid 232 Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men in order to take their Canoe along where the River was Impassable 236 Rapid through which Author took his Canoe 240 Conveying the Canoe by Hand down a Rapid 244 Canoe being taken along an Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men 248 A Moment of Suspense: Author and his Men in their Canoe going through a Narrow Channel between Vertical Walls of Rock. The Water forced through from Three Large Arms of the River joining at that Point formed a High and Dangerous Central Wave

(

Coloured Plate

)

250 Conveying the Canoe through the Forest. (Notice the Side of the Canoe split and stuffed with Pieces of Cloth) 252 Leading the Empty Canoe down a Dangerous Channel. (Photographed a Few Seconds before the Rope snapped and Canoe escaped) 256 The S. Simão Waterfall 260 The Huge Canoe being taken through a Small Artificial Canal made in the Rocks by the Author and his Men 264 Mundurucu Indians 268 Author taking Astronomical Observations on a Sandy Beach of the River Arinos-Juruena 272 Where the Rivers Arinos-Juruena and S. Manoel meet 276 José Maracati, Chief of the Mundurucus, Tapajoz 276 Apiacar Boy 280 Apiacar Indian 280 Apiacar Women 284 Mundurucu Women 288 Apiacar Children 288 Raft constructed by the Author in order to navigate the Canuma River with his Two Companions of Starvation

(

Coloured Plate

)

336 Canoe made of the Bark of the Burity Palm 340 Indians of the Madeira River 340 Caripuna Indians 348 Indian Idols of the Putumayo District 348 Trading Boats landing Balls of Rubber, River Tapajoz 352 Itaituba 356 A Trading Boat on the Tapajoz River 360 The S.S. "Commandante Macedo" 360 Colonel R. P. Brazil and his Charming Wife 364 Where the Madeira-Mamore Railway begins 368 Madeira-Mamore Railway, showing Cut through Tropical Forest 368 Bolivian Rubber at Abuna Station on the Madeira-Mamore Railway 372 The Inauguration Train on the Madeira-Mamore Railway 372 Wreck of the "Mamoria" in the Calderão of the Solimões River 376 Indians of the Putumayo District. (Dr. Rey de Castro, Peruvian Consul at Manaos in the Centre of Photograph) 376 A Street in Iquitos 380 The Launch "Rimac" on the Ucayalli River 380 A Trail in the Andes 384 Campas Indian Children 388 Campas Old Woman and her Son 392 Campas Indian Woman 396 Campas Woman 400 Campas Man, Woman and Child 400 The Ucayalli River 402 The Launch on which Author travelled almost to the Foot of the Andes 402 Campas Family wading across a Stream 404 A Farmhouse on the Andes 404 On the Andes: an Elevated Trail overlooking a Foaming Torrent. (See Arch cut in Rock) 406 La Mercedes 410 The Avenue of Eucalypti near the Town of Tarma (Andes) 410 On the Andes 412 A Street of Tarma 412 The Market-Place, Tarma 414 The Highest Point where Author crossed the Andes before Reaching the Railway at Oroya 416 Oroya 420 Oroya, the Highest Railway Station in the World 420 In the Andes at 16,000 Feet above the Sea Level 422 The Highest Point of the Oroya Railway: the Galera Tunnel 422 The Oroya Railway (A Great Spring emerging from the Mountain-side) 424 Beautiful Scenery on the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco, Peru 424 A. B. Leguia, the President of the Peruvian Republic 426 The American Observatory, Arequipa, and Mount Misti, Peru 428 On the Peruvian Corporation Railway on the way to Cuzco 428 A Beautiful Example of Ancient Spanish Wood-carving, Peru 432 Wonderful Example of Old Spanish Wood-Carving, Peru 434 On the way to Cuzco: Railway Bridge partly carried away by Swollen River 436 Great Sand Dunes along the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco 438 Inca Bath or Fountain 438 Cuzco: Llamas in Foreground 440 A Famous Inca Wall, Cuzco. (The various Rocks fit so Perfectly that no mortar was used to keep them in Place) 442 Inca Three-Walled Fortress of Sacsayhuaman, Cuzco 444 The Inca Temple of the Sun, with Spanish Superstructure 446 Inca Doorway, Cuzco 446 Inca Steps carved in a Dome of Rock, Cuzco. (Fortress noticeable in the Distance) 448 The "Round Table" of the Incas 452 Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages 452 Inca Place of Amusement: a Toboggan Slide of Rock 454 An Inca Grave, Bolivia 454 Inca Remains near Cuzco 456 Where a Stone Fight took place in the Inca Country. (Notice the Innumerable Rocks which have been thrown down the Hill from the High Inca Structure) 458 Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages 458 The Great Inca Ruins of Viraccocha, in Tinta (Cuzco) 460 Inca Pottery, Weapons and Ornaments of Gold and Copper 464 Inca Towers of Sillistayni, Puño (Lake Titicaca) 468 An Inca Statue, Bolivia 468 Lake Titicaca 470 Guaqui, the Port for La Paz on Lake Titicaca 470 On the Andes 474 Llamas in Bolivia 476 Borax Deposits, Bolivia 476

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd., London and Aylesbury.

Transcriber's Notes

Corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the changes. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will

appear

.