Contents

The formation and strategy in political investments in oil and gas sector

Contents

Chapter 1. The relevance of the research topic and definition of philosophy

Chapter 2. History of foreign trade relations between Russia and China

Chapter 3. Analyze the current situation of trade relations between China and Russian

Chapter 4. Prospects and directions of China trade development

Chapter 5. China’s Investment Policy in the Context of World Development

5. 1. Milestones of the evolution of the international oil and gas structure.

5. 2. Investments in the modern oil and gas sector: the experience of China.

Chapter 6. Chinese strategy go global («go to the outside») and Russian oil and gas policy: the basis for cooperation. sphere of the country’s industry development

6.1 China’s strategy «go global» («going to the outside»): the role in the development of the oil and gas industry.

6. 2. The issues of ensuring the «oil security» of China.

6. 3. International aspects of the Russian oil and gas policy

Chapter 7. The interaction of China and Russia in the energy sector:

the problems of investment.

7. 1. Sino-Russian cooperation in the oil and gas sector: creating conditions for China to effectively invest in the oil and gas sectors of the Russian economy.

7. 2. Difficulties of China-Russia energy cooperation and ways to overcome them.

Sources and literature

Chapter 1. The relevance of the research topic and definition of philosophy

Russia and China — neighboring countries — play an important role in the world community, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Both countries faced many similar challenges and threats in the context of globalization.[1]The expansion of mutual understanding between Russia and China has become a distinctive feature of their interaction, which at the present stage is characterized by multilateral cooperation covering the spheres of politics, economy, and culture. Deepening good-neighborliness and friendship, our countries are confidently moving along the path of development based on an independent choice made by the Russian and Chinese peoples.

Relations between Russia and China have been developing dynamically in recent years. In early 2013, the first foreign visit President Xi Jinping to Russia marked the entry of China-Russia relations into a new stage of comprehensive cooperation. The mechanism of regular meetings of the heads of government of China and Russia, formed during intensive contacts at the highest level, has gradually become an important means of coordinating the multifaceted business cooperation between the two states.

As the Russian political scientist, TS Tarakanova writes, «The second decade of the 21st century is marked by a new stage in the development of the relationship between Russia and China, which was called» strategic partnership. "As you know, the strategy presupposes the definition of long-term development goals, therefore the partnership between Russia and China is considered by the current leadership of both countries as a fundamental element of their foreign policy. "[2]According to TS Tarakanova, relations with Russia for China serve as one of the ways to achieve economic and political goals in the region and around the world. [3]

Over the past 20 years, economic cooperation between the two countries has developed rapidly: the volume of bilateral trade has increased more than 11 times, and in 2012 it has become the largest in the whole previous history and reached 88.15 billion US dollars.[4]

At the same time, in the Russian-Chinese trade in recent years, there have been noticeable ups and downs. Thus, the decline in Russian-Chinese trade turnover in 2014 was followed by its rise in 2015. In 2016, China was Russia’s largest trading partner in the country equivalent.[5][6]The most important investment of China in Russia is the purchase of 10% of the petrochemical complex «Siberia».  ⁶

In 2016, in the structure of Russian exports to China, the bulk of shipments were distributed as follows. In the first place were mineral products. The second place was occupied by the supply of wood and pulp and paper products; the third — cars, equipment, and vehicles; the fourth — food products and agricultural raw materials; the fifth — was chemical goods; the sixth — metals and products from them. The greatest increase was observed in the field of export of wood, wood products, charcoal, electric machines, equipment, television equipment, ground transportation, sound and photo, and medical equipment.[7]True, it should be noted that the reduction in Russia’s exports to China occurred in the field of mineral fuels, oil and products of its distillation, copper, nuclear reactors and other equipment, and products of organic and inorganic chemistry. [8]

Nevertheless, in 2017, China remained the main export partner of Russia ($ 23,952.2 million, 10.8%).[9]Chinese expert Dan Haiqing explains positive changes in trade with Russia by «streamlining China’s monetary policy and optimizing control and regulatory mechanisms».[10]As Russia is one of the leading suppliers of energy to China, in the structure of Russian exports, China is attracted by oil, oil products, and coal, although there is a demand for other products. 50% of Russia’s exports to China are energy. [11]

Chinese researcher Zhou Jun argues: «The increasing role of the» resource factor «in world politics is a new determining trend and motive for activities for states and companies working in this direction, as the prospects for the socioeconomic development of states directly depend on the necessary natural resources».[12]

Given that oil imports depend on the international oil market, China is forced to look for stable sources of supply. In this context, Russia is of significant interest to China, since it is a rich and energetic country. Investments in China’s oil and gas cooperation in Russia are one of the components of the China-Russia strategic partnership. Therefore, the study of the political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas sector of Russia is important and relevant. Using the term «oil and gas» policy, we emphasize that it is virtually impossible to divide the oil and gas resource cooperation of these or those countries because of the primary importance of oil and gas for the development of the modern economy.

In the framework of our work, the object of research is the resource, first of all, the oil and gas policy of China and Russia.

The subject of the study is the political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas industry of the Russian economy.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the interconnection between the political and economic components of China’s investment in the oil and gas industry of Russia in light of the prospects for China-Russia cooperation and the dynamics of changes in contemporary global and regional development.

Western philosophy has had a significant impact on Chinese philosophy, including the Marxist philosophy introduced by the CPC as an official ideology. New Confucian scholars tried to make Chinese traditional philosophy a philosophy of innovation and development. But in China’s world outlook, Confucianism, Taoism, orthodoxy, Mohism and Zen are still dominant. Philosophy believes that science is a social phenomenon, and its particularity is related to the production and growth of knowledge in the objective world. Therefore, at this stage, Chinese philosophy is also combined with western philosophy to form a new philosophy.

In the international personnel management scientific community, economic sanctions have been studied in academic works. Among the large amount of literature on these issues, A.I.’s works should be highlighted. Romanova, Lujinski. B. Number E. R. Budrina. B.， Lujinski S，Putikhin Y.E.， Shash N.N.， Borodin A.I.， Putikin Y.E, Borodin A.I.， Hofstede G. Kovalenko A.Y.， V.M. Maslov. Etc.

This paper not only studies the main characteristics of personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions, but also provides materials and theoretical basis for the definition of personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions. Reference must be made to the work on the theoretical strategy of international terrorism. These studies provide a new theoretical perspective for understanding the phenomenon of international terrorism and the significance of anti-terrorism discourse. This is the work of Borodin A.I, Eliseyeva I.I.， Yuzbashev M.M.， Gerasimova V.D, Grigan A.M.， Popov A.I, Malashenko V.M, Weisning V.R, Los Angeles Nikon Jin Liqun, Lin Yifu, Zhang Wenmu, Zhao Lei, Han Lihua. Gorfinkel V.Y.， Schwandara V.A。 Nikiforov A. A. Etc.

It is particularly noteworthy that the research of Y.E. Putishin, Trofimetz E.N, Trofimets V.Y.， Mayorova Y.Y.， wait, It emphasizes the practical significance of studying the human resource management strategy of international companies under the conditions of economic phenomena.

Scholars working in the field of international relations also studied the impact of personnel management on strategy. The work of deaf people. Lujinski. s

The results of the study are published in the materials of the All-Russian Conference, included in the RINC: Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian Oil and Gas Cooperation // All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference «National Security of Russia: Actual Aspects: Proceedings of the National Research Institute» NATIONALISM «conferences: Legal and Political Aspects of National Security.- St. Petersburg, 2017. — P.143—145.

The author of the thesis delivered a report at the international forum: «International Political Marketing Forum 2016-PMF 2016» Political Marketing in a Changing World: Global, Regional and National Dimensions»(July 20—23, 2016. St. Petersburg).The theme of the report Chen Jinling: Political marketing and image of the country (China’s oil sector).

The methodological basis of the study was the structural and functional method, in which the subject of research was studied as an important element of the socio-political system of a single country and the system of international relations. The author proceeded from the assumption that the provisions on the dependence of the social organism on the environment, on the coordination of the elements of the social system, and on the role of values in preserving the stability of the system, are relevant for the examination of the problems of the dissertation.

The great importance of this dissertation is the principle of historicism, the application of which consists in examining the subject of research, taking into account the set of conditions that influenced its formation and the current state in their mutual conditioning. Of fundamental importance is the comparative approach, the necessity of using it logically follows from the purpose and tasks of the work, the author of which turned to the analysis of the oil and gas policy of Russia and China, which has both common features and deep differences.

In the work on the thesis, a geopolitical and geo-economic approach to China’s resource policy was used. Given the changes in modern geopolitics and reflecting changes in the understanding of the spatial characteristics of today’s world, these approaches provide an opportunity to better understand the specifics of the implementation of the oil and gas policy facing the problems of construction of gas and oil pipelines, transportation of energy carriers, environmental protection, etc.

In the thesis, case studies are used, in particular, when it comes to the largest joint oil and gas projects in Russia and China.

The author relied on theoretical works devoted to the concept of «go global» and the policy of «strategic partnership and interaction», as well as the work of Chinese authors devoted to the problems of investment.

The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the thesis demonstrated the feasibility of studying investment cooperation between China and Russia from the perspective of national, regional, and global factors in their unity and contradictions.

The practical significance lies in the fact that research materials can be used to prepare special courses and teaching aids on the theory of international relations both in the universities of the Russian Federation and in the educational institutions of China and other countries.

— The basis for the development of relations with oil and gas suppliers is the Chinese strategy of «go global».

— China’s investment policy in the Russian oil and gas industry is mutually beneficial and serves as the basis for the development of stable political relations between the two countries.

— China’s investment policy ensures the energy security of both countries, both nationally and internationally.

Russian and foreign scientists, there is a large amount of literature devoted to the problem of Russian-Chinese relations in the oil and gas industry. These studies examine the problem from different perspectives and represent numerous areas of humanitarian knowledge to enable scientists and politicians to look at the problem from different perspectives. So, in the framework of this paper, used research Lopatin D.V.¹³, Margelov M.V.[13], Pakholyuk D.I.[14], Hrisanfova D.V.[15], Tsvetkov A.Y.[16], Svetlana Mihailovna Vinogradova.[17]and others[18]. Also, publications of Russian scientific journals, in particular, such as «World Economy and International Relations» and «Social Sciences and Modernity» were used.

We paid special attention to dissertational research. Here it is worth mentioning IS Gumarova’s dissertation «Priorities of Russia’s Energy Diplomacy»,[19][20]where questions about the main directions of oil and gas diplomacy of the Russian Federation are revealed.

We cannot fail to mention Yana Valeryevna Leksyutina ’s dissertation «America-Chinese relations in the context of transforming the international system in the early 21st century»[21]. It discusses issues related to the general patterns and development of US-China relations. After the collapse of the USSR, China, by its extraordinary economic recovery, became a «sworn friend» of the US, acting simultaneously as a technology workshop and competitor in the oil and gas markets.

In the areas of prospects for China’s oil and gas investment in Russia, researcher T.S Tarakanova[22]In his dissertation «Russia and China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Problems of Political and Economic Cooperation» revealed that «the expansion of the SCO from 2015 will mean the transformation of this regional Eurasian organization into an important geopolitical player uniting in its ranks four nuclear countries (RF, PRC, India, Pakistan)». [23]

In China, the problems of international oil and gas cooperation are dealt with by researchers from the Beijing Institute of International Relations of the PRC, the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese University of Oil and Gas, and the Sichuan Institute of International Studies. An important aspect of the interests of the People’s Republic of China in the field of investment in the oil and gas industry is the project «go global».[24]Chinese authors write a lot about this.[25] Particular attention should be paid to the work of the Chinese professor LuNa, dedicated to motivating Chinese investment abroad, as well as encouraging Chinese enterprises that are actively expanding their direct investments abroad.

A number of dissertations on various aspects of China’s resource policy and its cooperation with the Russian Federation have been protected in Russian universities. Among them are works by Fan Tingting «China’s energy policy at the present stage"²⁶, Wang Guanjun «The main problems of China’s environmental policy in the context of global environmental problems"²⁷, And Zhou Jun «Political dimension of the interaction of China and the countries of Central Asia in the Eurasian integration structures”²⁸, You Han «Development of foreign policy relations of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the global world». ²⁹

The source database of the study includes official documents of state authorities, primarily those that touch on key issues of China’s foreign policy and security (the PRC Concept on Foreign Policy and National Security,³⁰ China’s National Security Concept, ³¹White Paper: China’s Peaceful Development ³², as well as relations between China and Russia, including in the fi[26]eld of economic cooperation (Law of the People’s Republic of China «On joint venture enterprises of Chinese and foreign capital» (2001),[27]«Rules for the regulation of investment activities abroad,»[28]«Russian legal non-natural laws»,[29]" policy of foreign investment of enterprises»,[30]Handbook of the leadership of foreign investment enterprises / / Foreign investment and development., 2006. №1312,[31]etc.); party documents of China, as well as treaties, statements, and agreements relating to oil and gas cooperation between the two countries.

The material necessary for the thesis is contained in speeches, reports, and interviews of heads of state (Opening speech of Deng Xiaoping at the XII All- China Congress of the CPC,[32]Report of Jiang Zemin at the 16th All-China Congress of the CPC,[33]Hu Jintao Report: The 16th All-China Congress of the CPC was crowned with a full success

(2002/11/15),[34]Xi Jinping’s speech at the closing session of the 12th National People’s Congress,[35]Speech of President Xi Jinping at the 4th summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in Shanghai in 2014,[36]Putin V.V. President’s message of 2015,[37]etc.), the state Twain, political and public figures, heads of industrial enterprises.

Particular attention is paid to the documents regulating the investment policy of China (Approach to the management of China’s investments abroad in 2014 No. 3),[38]Catalog of China’s foreign investment directions by countries 2004,[39]China’s foreign investment directories catalog by countries 2005,[40]China’s foreign investment directing directory by countries 2007,[41]Opinion on the encouragement and management of private companies in the active development of foreign investment // Foreign investment and development [2012] No. 1905,[42]National Plan for Economic and Social Development and the 12th Five-Year Plan»(2011), Materials of the National People’s Congress),[43]Plan for the Use of Foreign Capital and Foreign Investments for the 12th Five-Year Plan“ (dated 17.07.2012),[44]„Management of External Investment for Enterprises by Country "[45].

The author is widely involved in statistical data obtained from national and international statistical agencies.

Four articles are published in other Russian journals: Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // successes of modern science and education. -2016 — No. 9 (3). — P.197—199; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // Advances in modern science. — 2016. — No. 9 (3). — P. 163—165; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil cooperation // Advances in modern science and education. — 2016. — No. 7 (5). — P.136—138; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of Chinese-Russian cooperation in the oil industry // successes of modern science. — 2016. — №8 (2) — P.157—159.

The author’s article is published in the Web of science: Chen Jinling. Chinese strategy has gone global and its role in the investment sphere of the country’s oil and gas industry development. // Science and Technology. No. 2, 2017. — C. 59—64.

Six articles are published in Chinese political journals: Chen Jinling. Questions and solutions of investments in the oil and gas industry of Russia // Law, and Society. — 2016. — №5. — P. 85—87. 2016. №5; Chen Jinling. The importance of deepening cooperation between Russia and China in the oil and gas industry // Studying and solving. — 2015. — №24. — P. 81—82. 2015. No. 24; Chen Jinling. The history of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // the report and the epoch. — 2016.- №16. P.138. 2016. No. 16; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // Management and managers. — 2016. — №6. — With. 94. 2016. №6; Chen Jinling. The development of the Russian language in China // Studying and solving. — 2016. — №7. — P. 76. 2016. №7; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of Chinese-Russian oil and gas cooperation // The Chinese market. — 2016. — №37. — P. 222—239.

A monograph on the oil and gas cooperation between Russia and China is published in Chinese: Chen Jinling, Ren Siyan. Electrochemical behavior of organic sulfur compounds and studies of the Chinese-Russian oil cooperation

(Chen Jinling, Ren Siyang., Oil Cooperation between China and Russia- Electrochemical Behavior of organic sulfur compounds). 2016. 100s.

The results of the research were reflected in the materials of three international scientific conferences, included in the RISC, in which the candidate was participating: Chen Jinling. Political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas sectors of the Russian economy // Experimental and theoretical studies in modern science: Sat. articles on the mother. III Intern. scientific-practical. Conf. No. 3 (3). — 2017. — P. 47—49; Chen Jinling, «Prospects for China’s Investments in the Russian Industry,» in Scientific Society of Students: Interdisciplinary Studies: Collected Articles on the Matrix of the XXXI International Scientific and Practical Conference No. 20 (31)., P.60—62, Chen Jinling. Perspectives of China’s investment in the Russian oil and gas industry // History, Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy: Theoretical and Practical Aspects: Collected Articles on the III—IV International Scientific-Practical Conference No. 3—4 (2). — Novosibirsk: SibAK, 2017. — P. 74—78.

The relevance of research topics depends on the growing importance of the world economy and companies.

In the 1970s and 1980s, IBM was the first company in the world dedicated to formulating employee behavior management strategies. They supplement the previously proposed ideas, assume new ideas, strengthen the understanding of some ideas, or on the contrary, belittle other previously proposed ideas. However, the author did not avoid some ambiguities when explaining some soft power events. This seems to be because he did not pay enough attention to V.S.’s works. Polovinco，R.A. Kuzmenkov Panova，T. D. Cyan violet

Of course, in Russian and foreign science, there are enough documents devoted to personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions. These studies are conducted not only from different angles but also in different fields. From the perspective of personnel economic sanctions, Balikin’s research has made significant contributions to science. E.， Lujinski Balikin E，Alferov V.N.， Petizhev A.D.， Heinsworth River Kravchenko L Shamina L.K, Ziyadullayev N.S.， Etc.

The analysis of the professional and academic literature on the strategic management of large transnational corporations shows that there is a lack of understanding on how to convey the human resource management strategy to the subsidiaries of the company in different countries.

In the case of uncertainty in the prediction of the scope and duration of sanctions, the Russian government and the Central Bank have reason to seek to take a series of anti-sanctions measures, ranging from strict anti-sanctions measures to creating more comfortable conditions for the allies of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries to do business in Russia.

The traditional methods of risk minimization strategy — risk transfer, diversification, hedging — need to be cautious and limited in use in the case of sectoral sanctions and the high volatility of financial markets.

Learning the course «International Company Management» means that students are familiar with the basic forms of international business and explain the theory, typology, and structure of the existence of international companies. Taking into account the basis for the management of the activities of transnational corporations, the particularity of the analysis of the external environment of corporate activities, and the strategic choice of the company to participate in international business, including the particularity of the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategy to enter foreign markets, Participate in international strategic alliances and cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

In the process of life, everyone will have a certain understanding of the world around him, of human society, of himself, and his attitude toward the world. A theoretically reasonable world outlook is called philosophy.

Since the 7th century BC, human thought has created a large number of philosophical theories, and each theory has provided its own value orientation system for individuals and the whole society. Therefore, a smart person must be able to position himself in the world outlook structure and choose a value orientation system that suits him.

For this purpose, the following methods or rules can be provided:

1. Objective consideration (not examples, not derogations, but things themselves), that is We must analyze the whole, not the parts. Every philosophy has an internal structure that must be revealed. The basic problems are realized in a specific form in each philosophy. The answer is not a single phrase, but the whole content of this philosophy.

2. Confirm the source of epistemology, that is, determine the source of epistemology. The right of philosophy to exist. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to determine which problems and which sciences are solved in a given philosophical school.

3. Overcome the practical theory of a given philosophy. A philosophical theory cannot be criticized as the opposite. Meaningful criticism (that is, determining the scope of application of the theory) can be carried out in two main aspects: 1. overthrowing the hypothesis; 2. Prove that the conclusion drawn from the accepted hypothesis (hypothesis) is absurd.

4. The analysis of the social role of philosophy, that is, the analysis of the social role of philosophy. Social strata and political parties adopt these ideas.

5. Establish or choose a different theory if the existing theory is rejected.

Confucianism is an ethical philosophy, developed by Confucius (551—479 BC) and his followers, and incorporated into the religious systems of China, South Korea, Japan and other countries. Confucianism is a world outlook, a social ethics, a political ideology, a scientific tradition, a way of life, sometimes regarded as philosophy, sometimes as religion. [2]

During the period of the Chinese Empire, Confucianism has always played the role of the main religion, and has been the organizational principle of the state and society for more than 2000 years. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Confucianism was replaced by the «Three People’s Principles» of the Republic of China.

Confucius (551—479 BC) believed that «benevolence» was the most important. He said, «If you ask more of yourself than others, you can avoid offending.» «If you make a mistake, you can’t correct it. This is called a mistake.»

Mencius (372—289 BC) inherited the theory of Confucius. He linked moral rules with policies and believed that moral quality was the root of governance. He said: «The essence of heaven is in the country, the essence of the country is in the family, and the essence of the family is in ourselves. Mencius summarized the four Confucian principles: «life» (human nature), «righteousness» (righteousness), «etiquette» (courtesy), and «wisdom» (wisdom). Mencius believed that «life» (human nature) and «justice» (justice) were the most important of the four standards. If every member of society establishes the relationship between people in accordance with the principles of «life» (humanity) and «harmony» (justice), then political stability and the unity of the Kingdom of Heaven will have a reliable guarantee.

In the overall morality of Chinese culture, values and priority values have a great impact on Chinese people. Confucianism has become a national collective unconsciousness. Confucianism in ancient China was the standard of society. Therefore, Confucian values can be said to be the core values of traditional Chinese culture [3].

The Confucian values are self-improvement and ethics, which is the central idea of «human nature and justice» and must be guided by harmonious interpersonal relations.

Certain rules must be observed: 1. Respect elders. 2. Be honest with friends and responsible for dialogue. 3. Officials must be honest and care about the people. 4. People must abide by the law, complete their work and achieve self-development.

The government must abide by the following rules: 1. Solidarity. 2. Respect leaders. 3. Respect your parents. 4. Ambition and perseverance. 5. Pursue knowledge. 6. Self-awareness. 7. Take care of others. 8. Labor discipline. Just as children must love their parents, when they grow up to love their husbands, wives, and children, civil servants must also love their people.

The Confucian political thought of a «benevolent government», «tsar» and «ritual» system, and its vision of «public» and «unified» political science, are the official relations of China.

The main work of Confucianism is Lunyu (a dialogue and statement recorded by the philosopher himself and his students). This book was recited by a well-educated Chinese in his childhood and was guided by it.

3 Taoism

Taoism originates from «Tao», which means «Tao» in Chinese. Therefore, Taoism is a specific style of philosophical criticism, that is, spiritual practice.

In Chinese traditional culture, Taoism plays a leading role in the theory and practice of seeking methods and achieving immortality.

Religion Taoism originated in the late Han Dynasty: Zhang Daolin (34—56 years) [10] Taoism is hardly an official religion because it is a lonely practitioner and hermit. But new ideas often emerge within Taoism, inspiring scientists, politicians, and writers. [11] However, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1654—1722), Taoism was skeptical of superstitious and mysterious practices. This is not surprising, because Emperor Kangxi was a Manchurian and indifferent to Chinese philosophy. For example, on a trip to southern China, a local man presented Emperor Kangxi with a paper on the immortality of alchemy. Kangxi ordered him to throw the book back. Even the highest level Taoist is not the emperor’s favorite.

Taoism is regarded as «inaction» in politics, which is consistent with the western philosophy of the «invisible hand» (economic market). Managers let the market develop on its own. At that time, there will be a «rule-based world», production will be restored and developed, and the economy will flourish. [13] The feudal rulers often used Taoism to strengthen their rule. For example, Tao Tetsu is often considered a manual on the art of war. Other ideas have been used for military purposes. [14]

Taoism has played a great role in the personality, psychology, morality, and national unity of the Chinese people.

It is speculated that this paper is divided into three parts, reflecting three trends of the division of Mozi School after the death of its founder. His main themes are universal love for each other, rejection of the need to conquer war, praise of virtue, saving money, restraint at funerals, respect for the will of heaven, meaningless learning music, and criticism of fatalism.

In his time, Mozi believed that people’s selfishness and partiality were the cause of all troubles and chaos. The cure is to care about everyone instead of yourself. In the centuries before Christianity, he formulated a golden rule: «If everyone treats foreign countries and foreign cities in his way, he will not attack foreign countries or foreign cities. He applied the same principle to private and family life: «What is the divine will that must be obeyed? «Love everyone in the world».

He believes that before anything is accepted, it must be determined what benefits it will bring to the people. He believed that population growth, welfare increase, elimination of internal and external threats, and disorder are the absolute interests of the country.

In ancient Chinese philosophy, the world outlook of religious mythology was dominant. The ancient Chinese believed that everything in the world depended on the destiny of heaven, and their main ruler was regarded as the Shang Emperor. Many gods and spirits obey him. Many of them have obvious similarities with animals, birds, or fish. They are half animals and half humans. «Heavenly will» can be known through omens and divination. The most important element of ancient Chinese religion is the worship of ancient ancestors and mythical heroes.

It is characterized by dogmatic Confucianism, which, together with its founder, was promoted to religious worship (in 1055 — Confucius was awarded a higher noble title, and in 1503 — Confucius was classified as a saint, and temples were built for Confucius, but there was no image of a saint). On the other hand, Taoism was persecuted (officially banned Daoism — 1183). After Christianity was introduced into China, it had an impact on Chinese philosophy. The famous thinker in the 11th century was Zhang Ze, who was one of the founders of Li Xue («Principle Theory») of the New Confucian School, also known as Zhang Zihou, Zhang Heng and Zhang Zi (1020—1078). His main works are Ximing, Dongming, Zheng Meng, Confucian Classics Diku, Confucian Classics Diku and Shuo. In his theory of man, Zhang Ze recognized that man has two kinds of «nature» and «etheric nature». According to Zhang Zai, Qi (ether) is the original foundation of all things and the whole universe. Qi filled a huge void. Ye Shi (1150—1223), the founder of Yongjia School, believed that the universe was composed of five elements and eight substances, symbolically represented by eight triangles. Among the later important thinkers, it is worth mentioning Wang Yangming (1472—1529), who was the intermediary between Taoism and Confucianism. He was an educator in the 18th century. The main thinker in the 17th century was the Confucian philosopher Wang Chuanshan (1619—1692). His natural philosophy was based on the theory of «great emptiness» of the new Confucian school Zhang Ze (1020—1078). In the 17th century, Gu Yanwu (1613—1682), an encyclopedia scholar (linguist, historian, geographer, economist, astronomer), was also engaged in activities. He was the founder of the theory of nature (Pu Xue), which is the specific direction of a special empiricism. Dai Zhen (1723—1777), a philosopher and scholar in the 18th century, was also the greatest representative of this movement.

An original and profound thinker in China in the 19th century, Tan Sitong (1865—1898), a philosopher and poet who was one of the organizers and thinkers of the reform movement, was executed together with five other active reformers. Among the representatives of the 20th century, Gu Hongming, who fought for the purity of Chinese philosophy, as well as Sun Yat sen, Feng Yulan and Liang Shumin (1893—1988), should be mentioned first. The famous Marxist thought in China was popularized by the philosopher Ai Sizhe (1910—1966). Hou Huailu (1903—1987) and Du Guoxiang (1889—1961), philosophers and historians of Chinese philosophy and social thought, also set out from the Marxist world outlook. In the past decade, he has been famous for his works on the most pressing issues of globalization and geo strategy by Zhang Wenmu, a philosopher and geopolitical scientiThe new political situation brought about by China’s economic reform since the 1980s has once again proved the trend of cultural integration. This is a «synthetic creation» theory, proposed by Zan Danan. He called for the abandonment of «rigid axial thinking». The confrontation between China and the West. He said that we should follow the path of cultural integration between China and the West.

Although some people call for synthesis, so far, the efforts to achieve synthesis are actually limited to translating their traditional philosophy into the language of western philosophy.

The modern Chinese thought operating in the Confucian paradigm is called the «New Confucianism». It has developed in the context of discourse in China since 1978. With the arrival of the «reform and opening up era», that is, the arrival of the «reform and opening up era». The core of China’s modernization process is two core issues: individual autonomy and national consciousness.

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called «Chinese Aesthetics»), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. Substantially

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called «Chinese Aesthetics»), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. In fact, the originators of «Neo Confucianism» are a group of Chinese philosophers who live outside China, mainly in the United States. They mainly include Du Weiming, Yu Yingshi and Chen Zhongying. Their ideas were recognized and supported by the famous Chinese philosophers Zan Dainan, Gan Yuzhi and Pan Biao.

«New Confucianism» tried to restore its interest in traditional Chinese metaphysics, believing that it was completely different from western metaphysics because it did not recognize ontology dualism. They also pay special attention to the relationship between tradition and modernism; Confirm the possibility of non western modernization model; Give up the non critical view of western thoughts, values and systems; Recognize the irreconcilable contradiction between personal freedom and public interest; It is necessary to insist on «transcendence (i.e. religion) as the ultimate source of values».

«New Confucianism» is not the mainstream of modern Chinese philosophy. This aroused opposition from official thinkers. However, its influence was so great that even the latter had to admit that «New Confucianism», together with Marxism and Western liberalism, was one of the three pillars of Chinese thought since the May 4th Movement.

Therefore, Chinese philosophy is a combination of Confucianism, Taoism, orthodoxy, Mozi, and Zen. At this stage, Western philosophy has been added.

Since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, Chinese women are no longer the general lower class. They are now a separate social group, opposite to men, but women are the vulnerable group in society, namely women. Gender issues have emerged in Chinese society. On the other hand, women’s social groups are different due to their different education levels, forming strong and weak women groups, which makes China’s gender issues more complex. The emergence of women’s problems has exposed the incompleteness of women’s liberation, that is, the liberation of Chinese women only stays at the legal level, and has not reached the level of social liberation. From the perspective of China’s social transformation, the incompleteness of women’s liberation is related to the fact that China’s social revolution is determined at the macro level. The construction of China’s social market economy has promoted the development of micro social revolution. On the one hand, the emergence of gender issues reflects all these changes in Chinese society. Therefore, the study of gender issues in China is of great theoretical and practical significance to reflect on China’s social structure and changes.

These women have received higher education and have achieved some success in their work. These women participate in political, scientific, artistic and social management and have access to social resources. In these and other aspects, they continue to enjoy equal rights with men in society. But there are not many such women. They represent a strong group of women and advocate gender equality in the country. Chinese society recognizes these women’s abilities and achievements. On the other hand, these women are also required to assume the role of housewives. Therefore, they face many problems because of their unstable economic and social conditions. There is no time to perform all duties. It is precisely because women are aware of this gender problem that it has led to China’s research on gender issues from the 1980s to the present.

The development of these women was taken into account in the formulation of the national plan and they enjoyed many national privileges. For example, in the field of employment, the state arranges jobs for them; In the field of social security, the State supports medical care and guarantees their equal right to vote with men, etc. However, after the 1980s, these women became victims of market economy development and enterprise restructuring. Of course, because of their different ages and education levels, their status is also different: women over 40 years old, women working in the country’s enterprises and commercial sectors, for various reasons, were dismissed in the 1990s, becoming the first victims of corporate restructuring. According to statistics, in 1997, there were only 56 million female workers in China, accounting for 38.8% of the total number of workers, and 2.48 million laid-off women, accounting for 45% of the total number of unemployed. If these women can no longer find jobs, they can only live on the state’s cash subsidies. However, a 20—30 year old woman with secondary or even higher education may not find a job she likes.

In 1949, the People’s Republic of China was established as a socialist country with equality between men and women. In this society, women enjoy equal rights with men not only in law but also in political and social life, such as employment, education, politics, etc. However, since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, the equality of women’s status in China has faced a severe test: theoretically, some Chinese economists and sociologists called for «women, stay at home!» This legitimizes gender inequality. Some artists and businessmen created the image of the weak traditional female housewife in their products and advertisements, redefining the role of women in society. In practice, problems such as Chinese women’s political participation, laid-off women, Chinese young women’s employment difficulties, domestic violence, and abandonment of children often arise. Although the Chinese government has always emphasized equality between men and women, in fact, gender inequality is becoming more and more serious. Faced with these problems, China began to study gender issues. Gender studies in China are conducted on the basis of legal equality between men and women. But why is there prejudice in Chinese society? In this article, we have carried on the practice and the theory analysis.

After the 1980s, Chinese women’s status as a gender group, on the one hand, was as a whole, on the other hand, as a separate social group, rather than as a male group. On the other hand, there are differences in women’s social groups, because their education levels are different, forming strong and weak female groups, which makes China’s gender issues more complex.

In the first case, it can be seen that Chinese women as a whole have lost their equal status with men and have gradually become a vulnerable group. In the second case, the particularity of gender issues in China was specifically and clearly demonstrated. Because of the long war in China’s territory, many women have no chance to receive education. T.O. There are generally four categories of women:

Women born and raised in rural areas. This is the basic organizational form of the village. The rural community system is of great significance in rural areas of China. This form of organization is based on kinship. There are mainly two views: 1) Chinese traditional family concept. According to this concept, every member of the community is a member of the family. They share the right to work, distribution and advantages in rural communities. (2) Distant kinship. According to this concept, although the social status of a woman is lower than that of a man, if she is the mother of a son, then her status is quite high, even higher than that of a younger man. This gives women a certain space for development. These two concepts are dominant in rural communities. Although women cannot enjoy all the privileges like men, they can get protection and development opportunities. This was most evident in the period 1980—1990.

At that time, many women got jobs not because of their talents and abilities, but because of their high status in the clan. However, after the mid-1990s, the urbanization movement destroyed this relationship based on kinship. Once women were deprived of the protection of kinship families, they soon lost their jobs and social security. Here, we would like to compare the second and third categories of women: their common point is that they are too dependent on social security, lost their jobs and could not find new jobs. Because of their different social security systems, their lives are also different: in the 1980s and 1990s, when the second type of women lost the protection of the state and fell into political, employment, dismissal and other crises, the third type of women got jobs due to the acceleration of urbanization. This reflects the imbalance in the development of urban and rural women. In terms of income, women in the second category can receive state subsidies after unemployment, while those in the third category cannot. In other words, the social security system in rural areas is obviously worse than that in urban areas.

The fourth category is women without social security. They only finished primary school, or they were just unmarried young girls. These women left their hometown for various reasons and went to the coastal metropolis to find work. They have formed a new group of women in China — «women workers».

Compared with the second and third categories, these women have more development opportunities, but their lives are the most difficult. Because they mainly work in foreign companies, their wages depend on the company’s situation. In order to obtain higher wages, they worked in one enterprise for a period of time and then transferred to another enterprise. This provides them with many opportunities, but also risks unemployment, so they do not receive certain medical and educational benefits. This is the most vulnerable group of women.

Among the four groups, the first group has the least number. Because they occupy a high position in society, they represent Chinese women in the world, express their opinions and defend the rights of Chinese women. Since the 1980s, these women began to develop and study these gender issues. At that time, China promulgated a series of laws to protect women’s rights, which is also inseparable from their hard work. The remaining three categories of women constitute the majority. Although they have had a significant impact on their lives for many economic, political and other reasons, they are actively working to eliminate social inequality between men and women. Therefore, from a positive and negative perspective, the characteristics, complexity and some stereotypes of China’s gender situation have been reflected.

The existing categories of Chinese women indicate that the life and development of Chinese women are carried out in two systems: 1) cities, mainly expanding in the national system; (2) In rural areas, it is heavily dependent on the rural community system. They are not antagonistic, but complementary, thus making great contributions to the development of national consciousness.

China’s modernization drive has developed on the basis of traditional agricultural civilization. The core of Chinese traditional agricultural civilization is the family. The main feature of this system is that the family is the foundation. In China, it is said that «the foundation of the country is the family». The family has a basic position in society. Not only must individuals abide by family norms, but the state must exclude all forms of discrimination from the family.

1. The transformation of the economic system has triggered a crisis of women’s employment. The main content of China’s economic system transformation is the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. On gender issues, men took advantage of the planned economy, resulting in a large number of female unemployment. This process began in cities. With the development of the market economy, the third type of rural women were also dismissed. This can also be seen as a gender issue.

2. Restructuring social and political structures. Social order and traditional concepts emerged at the historic moment. The reorganization of the economic system inevitably leads to changes in the social and political structure and social order. In this process, men have gained some advantages and hope to consolidate their achievements. Therefore, Chinese men promote the image of women as weak and dependent in various fields such as economy, sociology and literature. Spread traditional ideas.

The above two points reveal the reality and concept of contemporary Chinese women. We must rethink the theory and practice of gender issues in China.

Therefore, there are many gender prejudices in China’s traditional patriarchal society at this stage. The society endows women with a kind, tender and dependent role in the family. This role is obviously not suitable for participation in social and economic activities.

Most men have more successful careers than women. At this stage, this seems to be China’s social norm. Therefore, women face a «glass ceiling» on their career path in many industries, including politics, social life and other industries.

Marxism believes that women’s liberation is a measure of the degree of universal liberation of human beings in the natural range. Women’s participation in politics is the main symbol of achieving equal status between men and women. This is an important indicator of China’s political and social civilization. Therefore, it is very important to oppose the study of women’s career opportunities.

One of the weakest areas of women’s career in the world is participation in high-level politics. The 17th Central Committee of the CPC has a total of 204 people, of whom 13 are women, accounting for 5%.

We can involve women and help formulate policies in many ways, not only for China, but also for international relations:

Chinese women rarely participate in political affairs, rarely have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote, and rarely participate in political debate. [2] In addition, women benefit from relatively less political and social capital than men. This state of political participation leads to distrust among citizens, who refuse to support and follow them. Therefore, the proportion of women in future politics must be increased so that they can express their demands.

1. Increase women’s indirect participation in politics. National People’s Congress, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Committee

2. Increase their political participation as listeners and publish decisions on public service information websites. Direct participation in national political life through the audience system, political announcements and official web pages of public services is a feature of the development of democratic politics.

Russia and China, two neighboring countries, play an important role in the international community, especially in the Asia Pacific region. The bilateral relations between them occupy an important position in each country. Countries are closely linked not only geographically, but also in geopolitical, economic, historical and cultural exchanges.

In the 21st century, China and Russia are two big countries — strategic partners. Under the background of globalization, they are facing similar challenges and threats to a large extent. Only by developing and deepening good neighborly friendship, strategic coordination and cooperation can our two countries confidently embark on the path of development, taking into account the independent choice of the Chinese and Russian people.

China is Russia’s neighbor, and the border between the two countries is the longest in the world. Our two countries have a long history of good neighbourly relations.

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of government of China and Russia is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects, and has achieved fruitful results. This has played an important role in promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of China Russia strategic partnership and collaboration.

As we all know, China and Russia have established a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. To be sure, China Russia relations have entered a new stage conducive to comprehensive cooperation.

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Chapter 2. History of foreign trade relations between Russia and China

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia began about 400 years ago, and the economic relations between the two countries began to develop from the private trade in the border areas.

In 1689, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchin (1689—1706), establishing a formal treaty relationship.

With the signing of the Treaty of Nerchin between Russia and the Manchu Empire, Sino Russian trade relations became more tense. However, the Qing government categorically prohibited businessmen from going abroad, so Russian businessmen were active participants in trade. The trade relationship between China and Russia is mainly established by sending a batch of buses mainly loaded with furs to Beijing every three years.

The first caravans set out in 1698. This system lasted until 1762. In the first four caravans, each had up to 400 people of different categories (traders, escorts and workers).

Since 1706, only those who entered the caravan state can have their goods in the caravan — agents, kisses, etc. D. Other matters The caravan was led by a trusted businessman, who was led by a government commissioner, four kissers and a guard officer composed of 100 Cossacks. The total number of government motorcade management and protection personnel reached 200. The caravan is organized every three years, and it only takes one year. The caravan marched along a route called «tea ceremony».

In the middle of the 19th century, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Aigong (1858) and the Treaty of Beijing (1860), defining a new border. The Amur River (Heilongjiang River) became the border river between the two countries. Since then, Heilongjiang has become the main link of Sino Russian border trade.

The Soviet Union was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with New China. On October 2, 1949, The Soviet Union officially announced diplomatic recognition and exchanged ambassadors with China.

From October 1949 to the end of 1950, at the peak of Sino Soviet economic relations, the trade between the Soviet Union and China accounted for more than half of China’s trade, and the Soviet Union was the main trading partner. China and the Soviet Union rapidly expanded bilateral economic and trade cooperation, bringing considerable income to both sides and promoting economic development.

In 1957, during Mao Zedong’s period, a new trade began. During Mao Zedong’s period, new trade began, which lasted for a short time until 1964. After a series of political and military conflicts, trade and economic relations stopped completely, and the previously signed trade contracts were cancelled.

There are both difficult and tragic chapters in the history of Russia China relations and the history of Soviet China relations. In the 1950s, the two countries enjoyed friendly and even brotherly alliance. In the 1960s and 1970s, relations deteriorated sharply, Various incidents were reported, including armed border clashes. The most serious conflict occurred in March 1969. upper Damanskoi River Ussuri caused casualties on both sides.

Tensions in border areas between the two countries in the mid-1980s Our century began to decline under the influence of internal and external factors. At the same time, a lot of work has been done to determine the boundary line in order to resolve the previously disputed issues.

In 1983, the Soviet Union and China agreed to resume trade relations. The first batch of goods flowed between Heihe River and Blagoveshchensk through border trade. In September 1986, the bilateral trade between the Soviet Union and China officially began.

The normalization of Soviet China relations has played an important role in the economic recovery, especially in the province’s foreign trade. In the 1980s China began to attach great importance to the development of border trade, and the Russian Far East and Siberia became the main rivals of the province. It is worth mentioning the main period when these connections were formed.

1983 Border trade between Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Khabarovsk, Binhai Border Region, Amur Prefecture and Chita Prefecture has resumed. Later, other regions of the Soviet Union and Chinese provinces also joined the border trade system.

Since 1984 Tensions between China and the Soviet Union began to ease and social relations began to recover. Over the years, a number of Russian and Chinese experts and entrepreneurs have held seminars on economic and trade cooperation between the Soviet Union and China.

1983—1987 Border trade not only increased foreign exchange income, but also met the demand for food and scarce consumer goods in the eastern part of the Soviet Union, reducing the import of expensive goods from the European part of the country. The development of bilateral economic and trade relations is an important factor in the normalization of relations. At the same time, the legal basis of China’s border cooperation is also being updated.

1987 The regulations on border trade settlement procedures, the establishment of border technical and economic cooperation zones, border market trade activities, the organization of the movement of goods through border crossing points and the stay of individuals in border areas have come into force.

1988—1993 Rapid development stage. 1988 The provincial government approved the government’s new strategic policy of «connecting the south and opening the north». Take advantage of the favorable conditions in the formulation of the Eighth Five Year Plan and the Outline for Social and Economic Development in the 1990s The State Council adopted the Document on the Development of Border Trade and Technical and Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union. According to the document, the province has obtained a series of important privileges (24 specific preferences have been stipulated), has the right to independently establish border companies, and has established 188 companies trading with the Soviet Union.

1989 Suifenhe, Heilongjiang and Tongjiang three major freight transit points have been opened.

At the same time, on the other hand, the former Soviet Union has also experienced an irreversible political and economic process. The disintegration of the Soviet Union destroyed the traditional economic ties, and made the Far East and its raw material economy in a predicament. The region had no choice but to develop its foreign economic activities with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. At the same time, in the case of a serious shortage of food and manufactured goods, due to the sharp decline in the purchasing power of residents, the import of cheap, often poor quality products increased sharply. From China.

1992 The State Council has approved the special preferential treatment for Suifenhe border cities in Heilongjiang Province. Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It includes tax preference (the income tax rate in the production field is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax exemption in the first three years of profitable activities, and tax rate reduction of 50% in the following four years), tariff preference (import tax and unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment) Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It provides tax incentives (the industrial income tax rate is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax-free in the first three years of profitable activities, and reduced by 50% in the following four years); Tariff preference (halve the import tax and the unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment imported as investment capital, etc.)

Due to the lack of convertible currencies, trade and many forms of technical and economic cooperation (construction contracts, labor services, joint venture construction) are mainly conducted in the form of barter. Prices are negotiated in accordance with the principles set forth in the Inter State Trade Protocol. The calculation is based on Swiss francs. This trade was accompanied by the undervaluation of the export value of Russian companies, which reduced tariffs, and made the investment capital relatively quickly reverse by rapidly selling Chinese food and consumer goods in Russia’s scarce market. For Chinese entrepreneurs, this kind of transaction is very convenient, because the document processing is simple and the financial guarantee is minimal. In addition, due to the weak control of foreign trade departments, barter is beneficial to them. The turbulent situation of border trade in the early 1990s. This has led to the rapid growth of cross-border trade. In Heilongjiang Province, the number of these companies has increased to 8000 in a few years.

Since the second half of 1993 As Russia tightened barter and shuttle trade rules, increased food import tariffs, and implemented the mutual visit visa system, the trade volume showed a downward trend. In addition, the flow of Western European manufacturers’ products into the Russian market increased, while Russian consumers’ confidence in the quality of Chinese products began to decline. This has affected border cooperation and the difficult economic situation of some Russian enterprises, as well as their low degree of performance of the signed contracts.

Early 1990s Compared with the Soviet period, the scope of the province’s export commodities has expanded from hundreds of projects to thousands of projects. Russia exports clothing and footwear, household appliances, building materials, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and Russia mainly supplies raw materials.

Before the early 1990s, bilateral trade was conducted on the basis of liquidation, but it began in early 1991. The scope of liquidation is greatly reduced. In addition, it is only used to provide services for goods between the Central Foreign Trade Corporation under intergovernmental agreements.

At the end of 1991. All Chinese citizens with foreign exchange income or traveling abroad can freely buy and sell RMB at the market exchange rate in state-owned banking institutions.

1992 They account for only 10 per cent of trade. The proportion of decentralized trade channels (direct contact, cross-border trade, delivery through a third country, barter trade) has increased.

1992—1993 Russia’s demand for Chinese goods has had an «explosive effect». The lack of funds in freely convertible currencies (SQV) between the two sides has made barter trade particularly popular. 1993. This proportion has increased. Most of the timber, trucks, tractors, combine harvesters, machine tools and mining equipment supplied to China are paid for through the repurchase of the food industry, textiles and consumer electronics. The main products sold to China in convertible currencies are fertilizers, helicopter parts and automobiles. By the beginning of 1993, Obviously, with the improvement of China’s foreign exchange capacity, Russian experts began to notice that the willingness of Chinese counterparts to pay for supply to SKV has increased.

1993. The bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached 7.7 billion US dollars. Poor supervision, especially the lack of control over China’s export quality, and the large number of fake and shoddy goods in the Russian market have weakened people’s confidence in Chinese entrepreneurs and Chinese goods in Russia.

A large part of Russia’s imports from 1992 to 1993. These activities are carried out by individuals (so-called «shuttles») who travel once in a neighbouring country. These purchases are rarely reflected in the statistical data. If they are taken into account, Russia’s bilateral trade surplus will be significantly reduced.

1994—1999 Reconciliation period. The border small volume trade of enterprises and trade organizations in border areas shall be carried out within the scope approved by the State. The circular also defines the form of cross-border trade, defines cross-border trade according to international standards, and explains the characteristics of tax policies.

Due to the goodwill and diplomatic efforts of both sides, the relationship was normalized. On April 25, 1996, the Joint Declaration on the Basic Principles of Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation was adopted, which was the outcome of the first Sino Russian summit. At that time, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the meeting. Yeltsin visited Beijing.

The Declaration officially announced for the first time the establishment of a partnership of equality and trust with a view to achieving strategic coordination in the 21st century. China believes that the remarkable feature of the new relations is strategic cooperation, not alliance. Interaction is considered a better form of relationship than the Soviet Union.

By the end of 1996. The modern normative legal basis of the People’s Republic of China on border cooperation and border trade has been formed. The legislation stipulates the general principles, tasks, restrictions and borders of border trade (including transaction amount and territorial scope), determines the status of participants, and determines the authority of the state administrative agencies responsible for border trade. Therefore, the absence of an intergovernmental agreement on border trade between China and Russia does not prevent China from formulating «complete» national legislation to determine its system. Russia is first interested in China’s monetary and financial documents (encouraging the use of local currency in border trade), as well as documents that determine the future socio-economic development of China’s border areas with Russia and the development direction of China’s border trade.

By 1996. The negative trend of economic and trade cooperation between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has been reversed. The two sides jointly chose a strategy to promote mutual trade, simplified the structure of commodity circulation, and expanded business on the basis of freely convertible currencies. 1996 The foreign trade volume between Russia and China is 6.8 billion US dollars, with Heilongjiang Province accounting for about 12%. Modern forms of economic cooperation, such as production cooperation, raw material processing and industrial assembly, are still rarely mastered. In 1996, half of the total border trade volume of 19 counties in Heilongjiang Province. Shuttle trade.

December. Heilongjiang Provincial Government held a seminar on economic and trade relations with Russia in Harbin. The participants proposed the «three breakthroughs» strategy for relations with Russia: expanding the scale of trade transactions, improving the quality of goods, expanding the field of economic and trade cooperation, and implementing large-scale projects. The positive momentum of cooperation has become increasingly evident. By the end of 1998. A total of 600 Chinese enterprises and 1000 Russian enterprises participated (70% of which were enterprises in Binhai Border Region, Khabarovsk Border Region and Amur Prefecture).

The economic reform of the two countries is an important factor in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. They occur under different social and political conditions and at different speeds. The leaders of the two countries have different views on the final outcome. However, the reform process of our countries has much in common. First of all, we should break the old balanced distribution system, develop market relations and diversified business models, and actively use external economic growth factors to open up.

Due to the poor quality of commodities and the decline of Russian economy, the total foreign trade volume has dropped significantly. Therefore, even if the long-standing border problem has been solved and the strategic partnership has been established through the development of China Russia political relations, economic and trade exchanges are too cold. In 1999, it was only $5.72 billion.

The most fruitful period of economic and trade relations between Heilongjiang and Russia was the tenth five-year plan of China (2001—2005). According to Chinese customs statistics, the trade volume has increased more than four times in recent years.

The basic principles of Russia China relations, the main directions and fields of bilateral cooperation are reflected in the Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China signed by the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in Moscow. Jiang Zemin, President of the People’s Republic of China, July 16, 2001. China’s position has been clarified in Jiang Zemin’s speech. «Shuttle trade» was officially included in China’s national export statistics.

This practice seems to hinder the economic development of the province; Its leadership seems to be less interested in production modernization and other innovations, because there is enough money flowing into personal pockets from unregulated cross-border commodity flows. Thousands of small enterprises and self-employed entrepreneurs have not rearmed their industries technologically to produce high-quality products, but live on handmade products. For the Russian market, low-quality consumer goods. Counterfeit products have a negative impact on the strategic partnership between our two countries (first, the reputation of Chinese manufacturers). As mentioned above, Russia mainly exports raw materials, which is mainly due to the rapid growth of China’s industrial production, resulting in the shortage of natural resources in the country. Historically, there was a shortage of consumer goods and food markets in Russia’s border areas. Therefore, the economic structure of both sides must adapt to the new market demand, which leads to the abnormality of China’s trade deficit. This was a turning point in 2003, Since then, the surplus of the province has been growing steadily every year, which is mainly due to the prosperity of the Russian construction industry, leading to the growth of the import of construction materials and machinery from China. A certain increase in residents’ income also played a role, leading to an increase in imports of «consumer basket» goods.

During the «Tenth Five Year Plan» period, China’s private sector has been significantly active in foreign economic transactions with Russia: if in 2001. The trade volume between local non-state-owned enterprises and Russia was 10.67 billion US dollars, which had declined by the end of 2005. It reached $291 billion (a 38 fold increase). Total trade [3]

In addition, the above-mentioned decree stipulates that the development and exploitation rights of Russian gold, copper, iron and coal deposits should be sought. From 2005 to 2007, the annual growth rate of timber harvesting, transportation and processing was 30%.

The problems related to strengthening the plan of importing Russian technology were discussed in detail, and the task of «actively attracting the scientific research achievements and scientific and technological personnel required by the province, and looking for opportunities to attract the entire Russian scientific research center» was put forward.

The document paid some attention to the issue of increasing the export volume of agricultural products. For this reason, it stipulated, among other things, to obtain the Russian quality certificate, continuously expand the export region, and use the leasing relationship to produce agricultural products in Russia.

The two sides respectively discussed the «breakthrough» in the field of border transport development and pointed out the task of encouraging relevant Russian and Chinese departments to open the cross Moscow bridge as soon as possible. Amur, it is said that it is necessary to «rent or purchase» the wharf of the port. Vladivostok

In general, the resolution proposed is a multifaceted and detailed vision of the Russian Federation for the comprehensive utilization of border areas for the economic development of Heilongjiang Province. It can be concluded that this policy of the Chinese authorities aims to (taking into account the depression and actual «disengagement» between the main body of the Russian Far East Federation and the European part of Russia) promote the integration of China’s border areas into the economic raw material interest track of Heilongjiang Province and the entire Northeast China. It must be recognized that, in most cases, the People’s Republic of China is still the initiator of the process of regional economic integration. Starting from the task of safeguarding national interests and economic security, China has actively formulated and increasingly implemented strategic plans for cross-border cooperation.

The «Year of Russia in China» was held in 2006 and the «Year of China in Russia» was held in 2007, including hundreds of different political, economic, cultural and other activities. Leaders of all countries meet four to five times a year. Officially, Russia and China have a «strategic partnership and collaborative relationship». 2009 is the year of Russian in China and 2010 is the year of Chinese in Russia.

The year 2007 is an important year for China Russia regional cooperation. Heilongjiang Province actively responded to the unfavorable factors of Russia’s trade policies and implemented them in a timely manner.

China pointed out that the reasons for Heilongjiang’s relatively low trade volume with Russia were the continuous appreciation of the RMB, the increase of Russian export tariffs on a series of commodities and the crackdown on «gray» imports, the strengthening of customs management by Russia and China, and the increase of energy prices leading to the increase of transport costs.

Since the second half of 2008 At present, the economic and trade relationship between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has entered a new period, which is due to the world financial and economic crisis.

The global financial crisis has had a significant impact on our bilateral economic and trade relations. In Russia, the price of raw materials (especially oil) fell sharply, which was one of the main factors of negative economic growth in Russia in December 2008. (For the first time since March 1999) In addition, the Russian ruble depreciated significantly, reducing the purchasing power of residents. This is the first time in 20 years that Russia has taken decisive measures to restrict the counterfeit products imported into Russia through the «gray tariff plan».

Recognizing the ambiguity and complexity of the situation, China has made efforts to strengthen border trade. October 18, 2008 The State Council issued national document No. 92 Measures to Promote Economic and Trade Development in Border Areas [4]

It can be seen that in 2003, the double trade volume was 15.776 billion US dollars, with a growth rate of 71.4%. In May 2003, the two countries signed the China Russia Joint Statement, and reached an agreement on how to strengthen and develop China Russia good neighborly friendship, partnership and strategic coordination.

It can be seen from Table 1 that Russia China trade volume exceeded 20 billion US dollars for the first time in 2004. In 2004, the trade volume was 21.23 billion US dollars, an increase of nearly 50.9%. In October 2004, the two countries signed an action plan for the implementation of the Sino Russian Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation, which stipulates that the Russian Year will be held in China in 2006 and the Chinese Year in Russia in 2007. The two sides also signed a «supplementary agreement on the border between eastern Russia and China».

In 2005, China Russia trade maintained a good momentum of development, with a trade volume of 29.1 billion US dollars. China is Russia’s second largest trading partner after Germany. The Far East Economic Review of the Ministry of Economic and Trade Cooperation of China and Russia released this statistical data. In the first half of 2006, it was 4.86 billion US dollars, accounting for 26.8% of the total trade between China and Russia in 2005—2006. During this period, the total border trade between China and Russia increased by 1.33 billion US dollars. [5]

In 2006, the trade volume was 33.38 billion US dollars, up 14.7%. In March 2006, the leaders of the two countries signed a memorandum on Russian energy supply to ensure the two countries’ foreign policy of independence from the United States and Western European countries.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2007 was 481.6 billion US dollars. The growth rate was 79.9%.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2008 was 56.83 billion US dollars. The volume of trade grew for six consecutive years, up 15.9%. This year, the foreign ministers of the two countries signed the «Additional Protocol — Describing the Boundary Line of Central and Eastern Russia».

It can be seen from Table 1 that under the influence of the global financial crisis, the trade volume between Russia and China dropped sharply in 2009, showing negative growth for the first time. In 2009, the trade volume was 38.79 billion US dollars. As the international financial crisis broke out in 2008, the trade volume between China and Russia dropped sharply in 2009. Therefore, the trade volume did not increase, with a growth rate of — 47.1% (negative).

As can be seen from Table 1, the bilateral trade volume increased by 69% in 2010, reaching 55.45 billion US dollars. Therefore, compared with 2009, the pre crisis level in 2008 has improved. In 2009, China ranked third among Russia’s foreign trade partners.

Since 2010, China has ranked first in the list of Russian foreign trade partners, surpassing the Netherlands and Germany. In the first half of 2011, Russia China financial relations made significant progress, including the first visit of the Russian President to Hong Kong and the official visit of Hu Jintao to Moscow. The two sides signed an agreement on the use of their own currencies in bilateral trade.

Therefore, China Russia trade has played an important role in economic cooperation, becoming an important source of strength for the development of bilateral economic prosperity and development, and gradually achieving stability in border areas. This will play an important role in improving the lives of the Russian and Chinese people.

In 2011, China Russia trade relations were very successful. The volume of foreign trade set a new record, reaching US $79.24 billion.

The trade volume between Russia and China is growing and prospering every month (January to June).

April 2011, D. A. Medvedev met for the first time with Donald Zan, Chief Executive of the Chinese Special Administrative Region, in Hong Kong. The main topic of the meeting was to discuss opportunities for Hong Kong investors in East Siberia and the Russian Far East. In June this year, Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official visit to Russia. In addition to political and a series of economic issues, the investment cooperation between the Export Import Bank of China and EN+Group (Russia) was also discussed. [6]

In March 2011, DST Global, a Russian investment group focusing on Internet projects, developed 360buy.com, a Chinese online retail platform, together with international investors (including Wal Mart, an American retailer). However, the exact amount of Russian investment has not yet been announced.

In June 2011, the Central Bank of Russia and the People’s Bank of China signed an agreement on the use of local currency in foreign trade contracts. According to the agreement, Russian and Chinese enterprises will be able to use the ruble and RMB as currencies at the same time. The choice of currency depends entirely on the preferences of the participants.

In 2012, the bilateral trade volume reached a record US $88.15 billion.

On January 31, 2012, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation held a meeting of the Russia China Business Council to discuss the results of the foreign trade relations between the two countries in the past year within the framework of the 2009—2018 cooperation plan, and implemented 27 large investment projects in 19 regions of Russia, with a total value of more than 100 billion US dollars. [7].

Today, our relations with China have reached a new level of comprehensive strategic cooperation and trust partnership. Ambitious tasks have begun to emerge, accelerating the expansion of economic cooperation and forming a win-win common development strategy.

So far, the contacts between the