автордың кітабын онлайн тегін оқу Английский язык для студентов технических вузов
Е. П. Бочарова, Е. Я. Городецкая, Е. Н. Евсюкова, Л. А. Курылева, Г. Л. Рутковская
Английский язык для студентов технических вузов
Учебное пособие
Информация о книге
УДК 802.0(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ
А64
Авторы: Бочарова Е. П., Городецкая Е. Я., Евсюкова Е. Н., Курылева Л. А., Рутковская Г. Л.
Рецензенты: Губайдуллина Т. А., канд. пед. наук, профессор (ВГУЭС);
Макаренкова Л. А., канд. филол. наук, профессор (МГУ им. Г.И. Невельского).
В учебное пособие входят упражнения, направленные на развитие всех видов речевой деятельности. Тексты, составленные на основе оригинальных английских и американских источников, включают такие темы, как «Трудовая деятельность», «Роль денег в обществе», «Права и обязанности личности», «Природные ресурсы», «Виды производства».
Предназначено для студентов вторых курсов технических вузов.
УДК 802.0(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ
© Дальневосточный государственный технический университет, 2007
© ДВФУ, 2015
© ООО "Проспект", электронная версия книги, 2015
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебное пособие «Английский язык для студентов технических университетов» предназначено для студентов первых и вторых курсов и рассчитано как на аудиторную, так и самостоятельную работу студентов. Оно состоит из двух книг, содержащих семь и пять разделов соответственно, и пяти приложений, в которые входят лексико-грамматические тесты, краткий грамматический справочник в форме таблиц, перечень неправильных глаголов, словарь поурочной лексики для активного усвоения, список синтаксических связующих элементов.
Тексты подобраны по тематическому принципу и предназначены для развития различных видов чтения (изучающего, просмотрового и поискового).
1100 лексических единиц, представленных в пособии, подлежащих активному усвоению.
При отборе текстового материала и лексических единиц для активного усвоения авторы использовали оригинальные английские и американские источники.
Грамматический материал учебного пособия охватывает основные явления английского языка, необходимые для чтения и перевода общетехнической и научной литературы.
В учебном пособии предусматривается комплексное обучение различным видам речевой деятельности, при этом особое внимание уделяется развитию навыков чтения (понимания) и устной речи.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЯСНЕНИЯ
Каждый раздел (unit) состоит из трех частей (parts); первая часть объединяет предтекстовые упражнения, предназначенные для снятия фонетических, лексических и грамматических трудностей, текст для развития навыков изучающего чтения, список активных слов и систему упражнений на закрепление лексико-грамматического материала и глубокое понимание текста; вторая часть содержит материал для чтения с общим охватом содержания и систему упражнений для проверки понимания прочитанного; третья часть ориентирована на формирование навыков устной речи по изученной в первых частях тематике и содержит диалоги, ситуативно направленные упражнения и проблемно ориентированные задания, стимулирующие активную речевую практику обучающихся.
Группа упражнений, объединенных под названием Word Study, служит для работы над лексикой в ее текстовом значении, для введения, тренировки и закрепления поурочного словаря и первичной активизации лексических единиц.
Упражнения под названием Grammar Study направлены на усвоение определенных грамматических явлений, предусмотренных программой изучения английского языка для технических вузов.
Цель упражнений, включенных в раздел Text Study – обеспечить глубокое понимание текста, поэтому задания направлены на различные виды трансформаций содержательной стороны текстов.
Тестовые задания предназначены для формирования навыков самоконтроля и контроля уровня сформированности грамматических и лексических навыков. В конце пособия даны ключи ко всем тестовым заданиям, что поможет студентам самостоятельно оценить уровень своих речевых умений.
Краткий грамматический справочник составлен в виде таблиц основных грамматических явлений и примеров на их употребление.
Поурочный словарь включает все новые слова, встречающиеся в тексте, в алфавитном порядке.
UNIT 1.
Topic: Work – Life’s Central Activity
Grammar: English Tenses
Part I
Preliminary Exercises
Exercise 1. Look at these words and try to give their corresponding Russian equivalents:
factor, plan (v), personal, line, psychologist, career, style, group (v), typical, role, chief (a), ingredient.
Exercise 2. Transcribe and pronounce the following words:
identity, identify, leisure, engage, available, career, average (a), influence (v), opportunity, relationship.
Exercise 3. Take notice of this pattern and translate the sentences below:
Pattern: A (adjective) + - ty/ - ity = N (abstract noun)
active + - ty = activity;
difficult + - ty = difficulty.
1. Special attention is paid to industrial safety.
2. The control function is usually a management responsibility.
3. Young people have many opportunities nowadays but they don’t always make the most of them.
4. He is a man of marked individuality.
5. Career is the central activity around which we plan our daily lives.
6. When we say that people have ability to do something, we mean that they are able to do it.
7. People who have difficulty in associating with other people are usually more successful working alone.
Exercise 4. Give the adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives and translate them into Russian:
main – mainly; close – ..careful – ..occupational – ..professional – ..large – ... .
Exercise 5. Give the Passive Infinitive forms of the following verbs:
to place, to leam, to introduce, to ask, to think, to make, to do, to choose, to plan, to serve, to call, to reach.
Exercise 6. Transform these sentences according to the model and translate them:
Model: You must perform the work on time.
The work must be performed on time.
1. You should choose your career carefully.
2. One can’t learn a foreign language in a week.
3. Can you introduce me to Dr. Wilson?
4. You must place books in the right order.
5. When you meet a person he may ask you “What do you do?”
6. Students must plan their daily life around their studies.
7. They can’t do research without this equipment.
8. Children should serve their parents in the old age.
9. A computer can do a great amount of work in a fraction of a second.
10. We can call this idea a brilliant thought.
Remember: “For” answers the question “How long?”
“During” answers the question “When?”
The noun after “for” may have: The noun after “during” may
a, an – for a long time have:
no article – for years the – during the holidays
a numeral – for two weeks a demonstrative pronoun – during this week
some, several – for some time, a possessive pronoun – during their visit
for several hours
for ages – очень долго, целую вечность
for ever – навсегда
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with “for” or “during”.
| 1. | ... the lesson | 6. | ... most of his life |
| 2. | ... the journey | 7. | ... a century |
| 3. | ... hours | 8. | ... his stay in London |
| 4. | ... the last few days | 9. | ... our trip |
| 5. | ... two days | 10. | ... the talks |
Exercise 8. Say the whole sentence in English:
1. My father has lived in Vladivostok (всю свою жизнь).
2. We have had no rain (около месяца).
3. I shall remember my school years (навсегда).
4. We talked our business (во время конференции).
5. I haven’t seen you (целую вечность).
6. I am afraid it will last (много дней).
7. It stopped snowing at last but only (на несколько часов).
8. We met each other (в школьные годы).
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
earn (v) – зарабатывать
to earn one’s living – зарабатывать на жизнь
influence (v) – оказывать влияние
leisure (n) – досуг
leisure time – свободное время
opportunity (n) – удобный случай, благоприятная возможность
age (n) – возраст
trade (n) – занятие, ремесло, профессия
profession (n) – профессия
complex (a) – сложный
job (n) – работа, место работы
work force – рабочая сила
goal (n) – цель
average (a) – средний, обычный, нормальный
involve (v) – вовлекать, втягивать
to be involved in – участвовать в
major (a) – главный, более важный
amount (n) – количество
equal (a) – равный, одинаковый
similar (a) – подобный, похожий
determine (v) – определять, устанавливать
Read and translate the text
Text A. Work – Life’s Central Activity
1. Today the work you do to earn a living influences your way of life. It is the major factor in your identity. It affects your choice of friends and the way you spend your leisure time. Work gives you an opportunity to have impact on the culture in which you live. Work is the central activity around which people plan their lives. Successful work activity is necessary to achieve personal happiness.
2. In the past the variety of work activity available to a young person was limited. Few women worked outside the home. Most young people followed in the same line of works as their parents. Many became farmers, having learned how to work at an early age by helping on their parent’s farm. Others learned a trade by helping their parents or a friend of the family. There was not much choice about the kind of work a person could do.
3. During the past 50 yours, our society has become much more complex. There are now more than 20, 000 different jobs. Most women now work for at least 25 years of their lives outside the home. Women have become an important part of the work force. Most people no longer perform their work activities in the home – they travel to work. Thus, many young people never see their parents engaged in the work activity which earns the family livelihood. While there are several thousand kinds of work which are available to young people, there is less opportunity to closely observe work activity today than there was 50 years ago.
4. Psychologists tell us that one of the things which most disturb young people is the lack of an occupational identity. That is, too many young people have no picture of themselves some five or ten years in the future. They have no career goals. They don’t know where they are going. Young people who know where they are going occupationally have a goal to pursue. They have a purpose.
5. As you daydream (as everyone does) about your future, have you thought carefully about how your work affects you and your overall lifestyle? Did you know, for example, that half of the average person’s lifetime is spent at or involved in work? Your work, or career, is not something that affects you only during working hours. If you are going to spend most of your walking hours involved in some kind of work activity for most of your adult life, you can see how important it is to spend some time planning this facet of your future.
Word Study
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the active vocabulary.
1. Colleges and universities are free to determine their own individual standards, admission and graduation requirements.
2. The faculties must prepare their students to earn a living immediately after graduation.
3. The main principle of our educational system is an equal opportunity of getting education.
4. You may take courses in adult evening school.
5. Some people believe that traditional family values are now in danger.
6. The average human life is now longer.
7. Various schools and systems are similar in structure.
8. Does education influence culture or does culture influence education?
9. Old age is highly respected in China.
10. One of the goals of education is to bring people together.
11. More than 30 software firms were involved in the project.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words of the active vocabulary:
average, goal, work force, jobs, leisure, make up, involved, major, alone, complex.
1. The proportion of women in the total ... is about 52 percent.
2. The ... of education may be money, status, power, or simply knowledge.
3. The speaker showed the ... tendencies in the development of science.
4. Many different cultural traditions, ethnic sympathies, racial and religious groups ... the people of America.
5. Few of us like to be told that we are ... or typical.
6. There are many families in which women have to raise their children ... .
7. A very small proportion of the country’s population is ... in agriculture.
8. A large number of students hold ... in addition to studying.
9. Many people are too busy in their jobs and cannot enjoy ... .
10. The world around us is becoming more and more ... .
Exercise 3. Make the pairs of synonyms:
a) affect, occupational identity, trade, goal, culture, equal, similar, major, central, job, lifestyle;
b) important, career goal, chief, like, the same, influence, way of life, purpose, career, occupation, society.
Exercise 4. See the difference between “some” and “the same” and translate the sentences:
1. Children must have some of the duties at home.
2. All mothers are the same in their love for their children.
3. Some computers are designed so that they never give wrong answers.
4. He is the same age as his wife.
5. We have lived in the same house for twenty years.
6. Some years ago he married a girl whose mother is an expert cook.
7. I can’t eat the same food every day.
8. Some mothers see their daughters as teachers because they themselves always wanted to be teachers.
9. The day will come when we can reach some stars.
10. People can use the_same words in different meanings.
11. Knowledge and experience are not the same thing.
12. Values of life will not be the same when your children grow up as they are today.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with “some” or “the same”:
1. These facts are not new to us, we received ... information two days ago.
2. I hear you have ... important information.
3. They are not close friends, they simply took economics at ... college.
4. ... students get to college bus.
5. ... people smoke, ... don’t.
6. They smoke ... sort of cigarettes.
7. I have ... good friends among actors.
8. My brother and I are in ... group at college.
9. They are twins, they were born on ... day.
10. We used ... materials in all the experiments.
Exercise 6. Read the following sentences and note “that” and “those” which” are used in place of nouns, singular or plural:
1. The climate of California is different from that of Alaska.
2. The relationship between parents and children in China is much different from that in the West.
3. Compare the newspapers of today with those of a hundred years ago.
4. Planetary distances are about a million times greater than those of ordinary, everyday life.
5. The article included, among other things, that of the total number of Indians in the United States.
6. Like schools in Britain and other English speaking countries those in the U.S. provide a lot of sports activities.
7. You can see greatest contrast of the present educational standards with those of the past.
8. The human memory is a filing system that has a far greater capacity than that of the largest computer.
9. It is a mark of a cultured man that he is interested not only in his own thoughts and feelings but in those of others.
Exercise 7. Choose the right word:
1. It is a very interesting (work, job).
2. What time do you get home from (work, job)?
3. Over three million people are now out of (work, job) in Britain.
4. She got a (work, job) as a secretary when she left college.
5. If you are looking for a (work, job) as typist why don’t you read the advertisements in the evening paper?
6. The principal of equal pay for equal (work, job) has now been accepted.
7. A lot of married women have (work, job) nowadays.
8. She’s constantly changing (works, jobs).
9. Peter’s (work, job) has improved this term.
10. I have much (work, job) to do.
11. This is one of Bethoven’s early (works, jobs).
12. I’m looking for a new (work, job).
Exercise 8. Say the following in English:
1. Моя работа мне нравится.
2. Он ищет более интересную работу.
3. Она устроилась работать машинисткой в издательстве (publishing house).
4. У меня завтра будет много работы.
5. Он хочет сменить работу.
6. Этот пейзаж – одна из последних работ Левитана.
7. Ирина еще не пришла с работы?
8. В саду всегда много работы.
9. Она не хочет потерять работу.
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