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Сборник IV Республиканской научно-практической online конференции «Образование XXI века: проблемы, тенденции и перспективы», создан на базе Дистанционного образовательного портала «Евразийская наука». Дистанционный образовательный портал «Евразийская наука» — сетевая многофункциональная открытая площадка, созданная для педагогов, воспитателей, школьников, студентов и магистрантов.

Миссия портала — повышение профессионального мастерства педагогов и обучающихся, доступности удовлетворения их запросов и ожиданий на основе использования разнообразных форм и технологий сетевых изданий.

Дистанционный образовательный портал «Евразийская наука» является средством массовой информации в сфере образования (Свидетельство о постановке на учет, переучет периодического печатного издания, информационного агентства и сетевого издания №17367-СИ выдано 22.11.2018 г. Комитетом информации Министерства информации и коммуникаций Республики Казахстан).

Abadildayeva Shyryn, Kaldybek Meruert

Accommodating learning disabilities in the English language classroom

(Қорқыт Ата атындағы Қызыдорда университеті, Қызылорда қ.)

One of the greatest treasures of humankind lies in the diversity of its different personalities with different abilities. Acceptance and recognition of differences is one of the key principles of building mutual respect. In the world of education many people find it difficult to find their place and adapt to system requirements. The idea of inclusive education and acceptance children with special educational needs, so the «educational imperative» in today’s modern age.

The purpose of this article is to provide English teachers with basic tools to help English learners with learning difficulties excel in English class. Article one defines a learning disability and difficulty in determining certain difficulties are the result learning disability or struggle with language acquisition. He then describes the following learning methods that help support students with learning disabilities: (1) the Inclusive Classroom, (2) Universal Design for Learning (UDL), (3) Scaffolding, and (4) Peer-assisted Learning Strategies (PALS).

Historically, there has been a certain degree of complexity in the definition of learning disability and specific a common definition has not yet been agreed; however, as a broad conceptual construct, learning disabilities can be understood as «unexpected dissatisfaction», where «The severity of failure… is unexpectedly, because the person is not adequately responded to the instruction, which effective for most people» (Fletcher etet al. 2019, 4). under wide cover underachievement, Burr, Haas and Ferrier (2015, 3) specifically define learning disabilities as «a neurological condition that interferes with the ability of a person to store, process, or produce information. learning disabilities may affect a student’s ability to read, write, speak, spell, calculate math or reason attention, memory, coordination of students, social skills and emotional maturity. All learning disabilities are characterized by difficulty in at least one area of academic performance. Problems with literacy skills constitute the most common form of education disability (Klingner and Eppolito, 2014). Other factors that may appear as scholastic the inefficiency must be eliminated. American Association for Learning Disabilities (2020) states that «People with learning disabilities should not to be confused with learning problems, which are primarily the result of visual, auditory or motor deficiencies; mental retardation; from emotional disorder; or environmental, cultural or economic disadvantages.» [1]

Every child has the fundamental right to education and should be able to achieve and maintain an acceptable level learning. Persons with special educational needs should have access to ordinary schools, which should place them in child-centered pedagogy that can meet these needs. The main problem of modern society and many education systems there is a significant number of students who are not «adjusted for school». When in fact the school is an institution that must adapt the persons who were present.

Needless to say, in addition to the benefits of knowing the language than their native language, the benefits of learning English for students children with learning disabilities are numerous. Learning any foreign language can help student with learning disabilities to develop useful skills such as cooperation with their classmates, improve listening and reading skills, help them learn to express yourself or, in the end, just to work on your creativity. Like European The Commission concluded that social and personal development are goals which can be achieved by learning a foreign language, and success is achieved beyond the scope of communication. In addition, the reason for studying language can be not only for the sake of actual mastery of the language, but can serve as a tool for personal development. [2]

Obviously, the teaching staff and their attitude towards students with special educational needs play an important role in promoting inclusion.

The processes of change in education cannot start with a negative attitude and resistance to it. By definition, relationships are an important part of our daily lives, since they have a great influence on our behavior, making certain actions are predictable. To accept ideas of inclusiveness, it is necessary to initially change the prevailing attitude towards students and people with disabilities in society, as well as to take differences and individual differences beyond mere respect or tolerance.

Teaching children with learning disabilities opens the doors of regular classrooms for the learners from different backgrounds.. This gives students with special needs the opportunity to learn on an equal basis with other students. They also need to learn English as they foreign language. However, teaching in an inclusive classroom is not easy. The number of problems that English teachers face during their teaching learning process. As teachers, they must be aware of their problems and find ways to overcome it, especially when working with students with special needs.

The purpose of this article is to identify the problems faced by the English teachers. It also gives some ideas on how to overcome the problems. This uses qualitative research. This article claims that English teachers some difficulties in teaching students with special needs. Thus, they need concern about identifying the problems they face and finding ways to solve them. [3]

There are eight principles of inclusive education:

— The value of a person does not depend on his abilities and achievements;

— Every person is capable of feeling and thinking;

— Everyone has the right to communicate and to be heard;

— All people need each other;

— Genuine education can only take place in the context of real relationships;

— All people need the support and friendship of their peers;

— For all learners, progress may be more in what they can do than in what they cannot;

— Diversity enhances all aspects of human life.

Teachers are the main characters who spends most of the time with the children. Their work includes conducting training sessions, holidays, excursions.

Any form of pedagogical communication should have clearly defined goals:

— Educational should solve the problem of working out the program material.

— Educational should solve the problem of working out a model of behavior.

— Correction-developing — should clearly orient the teacher to the development of the abilities and capabilities of all children and to correct existing shortcomings with special pedagogical and psychological techniques. [4]

Teachers should create an appropriate lesson plan for them. Lesson Plan

should be planned based on some criteria:

a) the methodology used in teaching English should be made

suitable for students with learning disabilities

b) educational material should be catchy and attractive, but also corresponding

c) the teacher should plan extra working time with the child

d) the curriculum must be adapted for students with learning disabilities (namely, eliminate the need to cover the entire curriculum and attention should be directed to the development of several skills)

e) the teacher, together with a specialist in inclusive education, must create an individual study plan for students with learning disabilities. The lesson should be very interactive, emphasis should be placed on sing, play, dance, draw.

The movements are useful for students with learning disabilities as they are difficult to stay focused or sit down. The atmosphere should also be pleasant for students as students feel uncomfortable working under pressure, in stressful situations or in a boring activity.

Abstract concepts, rules, grammar rules should be avoided they cause tension. Better to avoid fixing bugs too often because it can demotivate students. Foreign language is studied directly exposure, so students with learning disabilities should be made aware of English through listening and reading. Students have different learning styles, even healthy ones. For this reason, teachers are advised familiar with the learning style of a child with a learning disability. [5]

Conclusion

In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved:

The concept of «student with disabilities» has been studied.

The specifics of teaching English in middle and high school are considered.

The methods of teaching English to children with disabilities in middle and high school have been identified.

Students with disabilities are students who have deficiencies in physical and (or) psychological development, confirmed by the psychological-medical-pedagogical commission and preventing education without creating special conditions.The personal development of a child depends on biological and sociocultural factors. The implementation of the doctor’s recommendations is one of the stages in the successful development of a disabled person.

All students with disabilities experience to some extent pronounced difficulties in mastering curricula due to insufficient cognitive abilities, specific disorders of school skills or speech, and sometimes with violations in the organization of activities and behavior. The training program for children with disabilities is based on providing disabled people with all the necessary devices to overcome psychophysical barriers during education. Teachers motivate children to be active in the classroom, the joint work of psychologists and parents contributes to the achievement of good results. The high quality of inclusive education depends on the interaction of school infrastructures.

References:

1.Jimalee Sowell And Larry Sugisaki / Accommodating Learning Disabilities in the English Language Classroom/2—3 p.

2.Rina Benko, Anna Martinović,/ Inclusive education in English foreign language classrooms/January 2021, 113,114 p.3

3. Desi Puspitasari, Vol. 11 No. 1, January — June 2019/English Language Teaching in Inclusive Class: a Challenge/37 p.

4. Adapted basic educational program of basic general education for students with disabilities, December,17,2010./ A.V.Torkunova-A.A.Vigasina-O.S.Soroko-Tsyupy/)

5.Desi Puspitasari, Vol. 11 No. 1, January — June 2019/English Language Teaching in Inclusive Class: a Challenge/40 p.

Birleskyzy Meruyert

The Conceptual Framework of Teacher Personality in Relation to Student Engagement in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching

(Suleyman Demirel University)

Abstract. This review explores the relationship between teacher personality and student engagement, drawing on advancements in personality theory to understand how teacher personality affects education. It highlights certain characteristics that lead to more student engagement and others that cause anxiety and insecurity, leading to poor academic performance. The findings suggest the need for more empirical research to improve teacher effectiveness. Keywords: student engagement, teacher personality, review, personality theory.

Introduction. This paper discusses the relationship between teacher personality and student engagement, which has been understudied compared to the attention given to student engagement alone. Teacher personality is an important factor in teacher effectiveness and can influence student engagement, which in turn affects academic performance. Addressing disengagement requires understanding the reasons behind it, and the teacher-student relationship plays a crucial role in this. Personality traits should be considered when recruiting teachers, and the Five-Factor Model of personality is a useful framework for understanding teacher personality. Multiple scales are available to measure the Big Five domains.

1.Studies of personality traits. This passage examines different definitions of personality and their fundamental aspects. Roberts and DelVecchio (2000) define personality as distinctive psychological traits that direct people’s actions, beliefs, and emotions in various contexts. Mayer (2007) combines four mostly accepted definitions to create a consensus definition, describing personality as «a system of parts that is organized, develops, and is expressed in a person’s actions.» Guthrie et al. (1998) and Larsen and Buss (2008) view personality as an individual’s response to the environment based on organized and consistent psychological traits and mechanisms. Buss (1989) attributes traits as defining and distinctive features of personality, while Snow (1984) reports that traits are hereditary, permanent, and physically based. Recent research (Roberts et al., 2017) has shown that personality can be changed with clinical intervention and nonclinical methods (Hudson & Fraley, 2015). Jackson et al. (2012), Lüdtke et al. (2011), Specht et al. (2011), and Roberts et al (2006) argue against the idea of traits being immutable and permanent over a lifetime.

3.Studies of teacher personality and students (BFI related). According to Stronge et al. (2004), a teacher’s personality refers to their inner qualities reflected through values, beliefs, behavior, and attitude that impacts teaching performance, practice, and effectiveness (Curtis & Liying, 2001). Teacher personalities influence material choices, strategy, classroom management, and student relationships. Hashim et al. (2014) suggest that administrators should consider humanistic factors alongside educational qualifications when hiring teachers. Assessments of a teacher’s personality by students are influenced by the personality traits of the assessors (Göncz et al., 2014). Desired teacher traits include moderate extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Students prefer teachers who demonstrate respect, understanding. openness to cooperation, and good lecturing skills (Sánchez et al., 2011).

4.Studies of correlation between student engagement and teacher personality. The amount of time students allocate to learning activities was the first definition of student engagement in its infant stage (Brophy, 1983; Fisher et al., 1980; McIntyre et al.,1983). Although student engagement has long been solely associated with students; involvement in educational processes, the new perspective on the term’s definition also includes cognitive and affective components. Astin (1984) referred to student engagement as «the amount of physical and psychological energy that the student devotes to the academic experience», and highlighted that for an effort to be considered as engagement along with investing time, students must actively invest in intellectual capacities and their attention. In general, researchers (Kuh, 2003; Handelsman et al., 2005; Chapman, 2003) seem to concur on three major components in defining student engagement, which are cognitive, affective and behavioral efforts put by the students. Talking separately about each of these aspects, according to Chapman (2003) cognitive criteria indicates the focus devoted and the mental involvement when doing the tasks, second behavioral criteria indicates contributed responses to the offered tasks, third, affective criteria indicates the students’ investment level in the task and their emotional reactions to those tasks.

There are visible behavior patterns that assess student engagement possible. Franklin (2005) described some of these patterns as students’ «tendency to listen, respond to questions, collaborate with peers, and actively participate in class.» Mentioned behavior models are likely to indicate student engagement in the classroom when monitoring. Not surprisingly, a high level of engagement is linked to high-quality learning outcomes (Krause & Coates, 2008).

The research conducted by Kiefer and Pennington (2017) intended to find out if there is a correlation between teachers perceived as supporters of autonomous learning and the engagement level that students show. The researchers concluded that not only teachers influence but «directly shapes» student engagement, and is crucial when examining the perspectives of school students. Cinches et al., (2017) highlighted the impossibility of accurate student engagement studies without counting the teacher’s impact.

Another study on teacher support and students’ well-being, conducted by Suldo et al. (2009), intended to explore the relationship between teacher support and student success, revealing that supportive teacher-student interaction is likely to result in students’ academic engagement. Apart from studies on the significance of teacher-student relationships, there is more research on factors that influence these relationships. Aiming to get a deeper understanding of the factors that matter in teacher-learner interactions, Split et al., (2012) surveyed 657 students. They revealed that a lack of good relationship between educators and their learners causes student anxiety and insecurity which intervenes their social and educational growth. In a Zepke et al., (2010) survey, where 1200 students took part, it was identified that 4 of the 10 factors that enhance student engagement were directly connected to teacher-learner relationships, and in fact, supportive teacher behavior plays a crucial role in building positive teacher-student relationships.

Federici and Skaalvik (2014) described that emotional support from teachers is manifested when they show their warmth, respect, love, and level of trust to their students. According to Tennant et al. (2015), when learners receive positive emotional support from their teachers they tend to score higher on standardized tests. Strati et al. (2017) state that when students face emotional obstruction such as, teacher’s disrespect, sarcasm, or negative attitude towards specific students, the level of student engagement declines. Suldo et al. (2009) emphasized the overwhelming impact of negative teacher behaviors by claiming that negative emotional obstruction is «easily recalled» compared to emotional support. Moreover, Mayer and Turner (2002) argued that a lack of support in an academic setting might lead to loss of motivation and decreased engagement. They suggested that the behavior displayed by the teacher might influence not only students’ behavior but also their educational and emotional success.

According to Sandlin’s (2019) case study, students believed that teachers’ personalities have a significant impact on their engagement. Most students identified agreeableness and extraversion as important traits for building classroom engagement. Tennent et al. (2015) also emphasized the importance of positive relationships between teachers and students in achieving desirable outcomes.

Conclusion. This paper highlights the importance of teacher personality and student engagement in academic performance. Positive teacher traits, such as friendliness, openness, agreeableness, competence, and responsibility, can lead to better engagement and academic outcomes. Negative traits, such as neuroticism and introversion, can have the opposite effect. Supportive attitudes and emotional support from teachers can improve engagement, while negativity can harm it. Further research should observe teachers and students in authentic environments to provide empirical evidence.

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Karibayeva Lazzat

Challenges in Online Education in the Context of English Language Teaching and Learning

(Master student at Suleyman Demirel University)

Abstract

After sudden and abrupt changes due to the pandemic outburst during 2019—2021, many students and teachers had to experience all the benefits and drawbacks of remote study and work. Flexibility and easy access as opposed to the internet connection and technology failure, unfamiliar technological tools and the lack of personal communication were the issues that caused mixed perceptions towards studying under the conditions of being locked at home. This article seeks to explore the challenges that learners faced over the recent two years. However, apart from evaluating what issues are engendered by the exposure to distance learning, this paper addresses the challenges in learning English remotely by investigating and elaborating on solutions suggested by researchers in this area. The paper concludes by outlining recommendations for English language teachers to make the process of distance learning less challenging.

Keywords: online education, distance learning, student perception, challenges of remote learning, technology, TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language), traditional learning, face-to-face education, distance mode of teaching.

Introduction

Nowadays, various activities can be comfortably implemented via smartphone applications or numerous websites. In addition, reading books, searching for information, as well as socializing with peers, are likely to be readily accessible at any time on the screens of personal electronic gadgets. Not surprisingly, modern technology has impacted teaching practices which, in turn, have undergone significant transformations by relocating to web-assisted environments. In 2012, at a university lecture, professor Andrew Delbanco pointed out that «your French teacher may be a version of Siri on your smartphone». (Romeo, 2012).

Moreover, the years 2019 — 2021 witnessed unprecedented growth in the number of virtual courses and lessons conducted by school teachers and university professors. The sudden increase was directly linked to the compelled transition to the distant mode of teaching. Although online learning seems still to be demanded, some experts, educators, and learners claim that e-learning is not as effective and engaging as brick-and-mortar classrooms (Irfan & Iman, 2020). Therefore, it is important to compare whether more preference is still given to face-to-face education alongside consideration of challenges that learners encounter while studying online. In the light of the recent growth in the demand for online teaching, a great majority of young individuals may have changed their attitudes, shifting positively or negatively, towards remote classes. In particular, learning a foreign language may even be challenged due to the lack of real-time, face-to-face interaction with a person since communicative practice is likely to be affected by the inconveniences of an online learning environment.

The value of this study will be in obtaining empirical data which will help to explore the factors that English language learners found as crucial and beneficial for achieving academic success, or insufficient and undesirable in the course of distance education.

Literature Review

Kazakhstan was not the only country to switch to distance education; it was, in fact, a worldwide trend. These trends indicate that learners in Kazakhstan and worldwide have to adapt to the new realia and developments. Since the success of education often depends on the overall perception of course participants, Allen and Seaman (2013) were focused on establishing learners’ judgment of distance education which was described as a positive experience by only a half of the respondents which implies that almost 50 percent of the other enrollees remained unsatisfied. Consequently, a significant number of online learners could not have fully achieved the expected learning outcomes. Although the course content and learning outcomes were noted to be relevant as compared to the traditional classroom, Allen and Seman’s (2013) research found the aspects that caused barriers in academic studies. Remote classrooms might not suffice to encourage learners’ dedication to their studies or progress in their knowledge and abilities. Instead of being active participants, those being educated online might only remain passive listeners. These are some of the reasons why some students ranked online classes lower than traditional classrooms. This means that despite the comfort and accessibility of online instruction, learners find traditional classrooms more enjoyable or constructive.

Recent research by Alawawdeh and Alshtaiwi (2020) points out that «many issues arise from teachers, learners, and the learner’s social environment». The authors argue that «online education is not going well as it lacks planning and preparation». Planning and preparation, in turn, are defined as required to enhance online learning; the rationale behind this is that distance learning needs more time and effort on the part of teachers and learners to make it «function exactly as intended». Based on the research studies, Alawawdeh and Alshtaiwi’s (2020) claims are justified in demanding that teachers should be qualified and trained to revitalize and enrich the teaching methods with proper knowledge and skills. As for students, they should be expected to be educated by an expert to improve ICT (information and computer technology) skills and overcome challenges related to distance education. It was fair to mention that the families of the students should be involved to assist and help their children with technology. Despite the high rates of online course enrollment and a substantial amount of positive feedback, the lack of electronic equipment, or stable internet connection were found to be critical yet due to financial shortages in the families (Alawawdeh & Alshtaiwi, 2020).

On the other hand, negative judgments of distance learning may arise due to bias such as preferred learning styles or a common misconception of virtual classes. Nguen (2015), having examined the efficiency of e-learning, argues that traditional classes, as well as online classrooms, are both effective methods. The author suggests that face-to-face education is starting to lose its hegemony on the market. The rationale for such a development is found to be cost-effectiveness while the cost of offline education is rising dramatically. In addition, access to world-class education alongside classroom size possibilities are significant benefits of online learning.

Conclusion

Having reviewed some recent research publications in the field of online education and language learning, the following conclusions have been derived. First of all, there are both significant benefits, as well as drawbacks to learning English in the context of online education (Appana, 2008). Accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and schedule convenience are some of the aspects that attract students to online learning. At the same time, insufficient discipline, motivation, and digital illiteracy tremendously impart the perception of and the outcomes of virtual classes. Based on the findings discovered, the following recommendations should be observed to soothe the undesired effect of e-learning (Alawawdeh & Alshtaiwi, 2020).

References

Alawawdeh, N. & Alshtaiwi, M. (2020). Foreign Languages e-learning: Challenges, Obstacles and Behaviors during Covid-19 Pandemic in Jordan. PalArch’s Journal of Archeology of Egypt/Egyptology 18 (6): 536—554 10.13140/RG.2.2.34688.87048

Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2013). Changing course: Ten years of tracking online education in the United States. Babson Park, MA: Babson Survey Research Group and Quahog Research Group, 3—6. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED541571.pdf

Appana, S. (2008). The online learner: A Review of Benefits and Limitations of Online Learning in the Context of the Student, the Instructor, and the Tenured Faculty. International Journal on E-learning Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 7 (1), 5—22 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237143888_A_Review_of_Benefits_and_Limitations_of_Online_Learning_in_the_Context_of_the_Student_the_Instructor_and_the_Tenured_Faculty

Charles, S., Malek H., & William, M., (2019). A Preliminary Study of Students Perception and Learning from Different Methods. Journal of Academy of Educational Leadership. 23 (2), 3—5. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/a-preliminary-study-of-students-perception-and-learning-from-different-delivery-methods-8235.html

Moldazharova Nessibeli

MODERN TOOLS AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT METHODS OF SERVICE IN THE SYSTEM OF HEALTH TOURISM

(Scientific supervisor: Elmira Auezova, PhD, Gulzhahan Omarova, professor NCJSC «Semey medical university», Semey)

In the 80s of the last century, foreign scientists began to deal with the problem of quality of services. Two leading scientific schools of service marketing have been formed: the American school, represented by the works of L. Berry, A. Parasuraman and V. Zeitaml, and the Scandinavian school, which is made up of scientists from Finland and Sweden. American researchers have developed a methodology for continuous measurement and improvement of service quality. The methodology used for this was named SERVQUAL. The Scandinavian school introduced the concept of a two-factor quality model — functional and technical quality. The quality of service is created in the process of interaction between the consumer and the performer. The goal of the contractor is to create and maintain service quality standards. The main factor is the service processes of service quality and the behavior of staff. It is important not only what the vacationer receives in the service process — technical and technological quality, but also how this process occurs and is transformed into functional quality. At the same time, the staff must be motivated for high-quality service standards. American school use the SERVQUAL methodology as a universal tool for measuring the quality of service. American scientists believe that the quality of service is the result of comparing customer expectations regarding the quality of services and the impression of real services received. In recent years, in the domestic literature in various sectors of the economy, the assessment of the quality of services has become increasingly an object of consideration: scientific and methodological foundations for assessing the quality of services are being developed, models and methods of the service process focused on customer expectations, as well as issues of management and organization of services. Researchers pay special attention to the development of the service sector and the quality of services in the hospitality industry, service standards in the health resort sector.

The mechanism for introducing an intracorporate standard is a method for measuring the quality of health resort services and innovative service processes that affect service quality indicators. Internal corporate quality standard service in the sanatorium and resort area is a factor model that functionally allows you to most fully and timely provide vacationers with a complex service and health-improving services, characterized by qualitative and quantitative parameters, where the quality of service and the organizational service process are system-forming.

A service, unlike a product, is intangible. The service and its quality characteristics are inseparable in the service process, they are produced and consumed at the same time, they do not require system repair, storage. Service characteristics, measurement tools and service quality control require an original and unique approach.

Consumer satisfaction with health resort services is a key part of the study. The pricing strategy for wellness services is usually set by management, should attract vacationers, willing to pay the said price. While price defines the specialization of holiday needs, it is also an indicator of service quality, comfort level, and market segment in which the brand is located and competes with other resorts.

Effective resort revenue management should be based on key information sources of valuable information, consumer behavior of the target group, the results of systematic monitoring of service quality, volume of sales of the sanatorium-resort product. Development of a management strategy for a unified system of quality control of service, pricing, which is a backbone in the formation of a product (health, animation, excursion programs) that meets the needs of vacationers, is being created greater demand and, as a result, an increase in income. This leads to the assertion that revenue management is the process of maximizing profits from the sale of perishable resources, such as spa catering services, through price management, service quality, and service improvement through systematization.

Thus, only the resort team is able to form a favorable external image that contributes to the effective management of organizational and technological processes at the resort and technologies for promotion in the domestic and foreign markets.

Sarmanova Elvira

MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN OF FERTILE AGE

(Scientific supervisor: Aidos Tlemissov, PhD

NCJSC «Semey medical university», Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan)

Reproductive health — the absence of diseases of the reproductive system or disorders of the reproductive function, with the possibility of carrying out reproductive processes with complete physical, mental and social welfare.

The reproductive health of family members depends on the level of somatic health of the spouses and their physical development, burdened reproductive history of the spouses (gynecological and urological diseases), the degree of intra-family conflict in relation to childbearing, contraceptive methods and artificial abortions. The risk factors for the formation of the pathology of the reproductive system include:

— unfavorable heredity;

— social factors;

— somatic diseases;

— acute and chronic stress;

— congenital and acquired diseases of the genitals;

— pathology of puberty;

— acute and chronic infections;

— irrational nutrition;

— complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

Of the social factors that have an adverse effect on the reproductive health of the population (women), the most important are:

— social tension, instability, maladjustment, poor material and living conditions;

— lack of moral principles in society, transformation of the reproductive behavior of adolescents;

— the growth of sexually transmitted diseases;

— bad habits (alcohol, drug addiction, smoking);

— pregnancy outside of marriage;

— high abortion rate.

Qualitative indicators for assessing a woman’s health status (including reproductive health) include:

— birth rate, death rate, natural population growth;

— maternal mortality;

— frequency of extragenital pathology during pregnancy;

— the nature of gestational complications (miscarriage, gestosis) and complications of the birth act (bleeding, surgical interventions, purulent-inflammatory diseases);

— level of coverage of women of childbearing age with modern methods of contraception;

— number of abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age;

— frequency of infertility in marriage;

— perinatal and infant mortality.

If earlier most of the problems of the reproductive period were associated with miscarriage, now the couple is faced with the task of avoiding unwanted pregnancies, giving birth to desired children, regulating the intervals between pregnancies, controlling the choice of the time of birth depending on age of parents and determine the number of children in the family. The relationship of these parameters characterizes the reproductive behavior of a woman and ensures her reproductive health. Humanity is currently burdened with a burden of hereditary diseases. Some of them are manifested in an explicit form, others — in the form of a so-called hereditary predisposition. Reproductive disorders associated with genetic factors or pathological changes in the immunological relationship between mother and fetus can manifest themselves in the form of infertility (missed pregnancy), early and late miscarriage, hemolytic disease of the newborn, etc. Various harmful environmental factors (physical, chemical, biological) can lead to the occurrence of congenital malformations due to violations of the hereditary apparatus (mutations, chromosome aberrations) in the gametes of parents or more distant ancestors, as well as as a result of their influence through the mother’s body on a blastocyst or an embryo with a violation of the processes of its development.

Further development and improvement of medical technologies (methods of assisted reproductive technology, preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis, modification of endoscopic operations) is required on the basis of fundamental research in the field of reproduction and the introduction of new medical equipment in practical healthcare. The solution of medical aspects, however, can be carried out only on the condition that the latest achievements of medical science become available not to the elite, but to the majority of doctors and patients.